Benjamin Franklin(하)

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Benjamin Franklin(하)

배중진 2022. 4. 6. 13:01

Legacy

DesignationsPennsylvania Historical MarkerOfficial nameTypeCriteriaDesignatedLocationMarker Text

Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790)

City

Government & Politics, Government & Politics 18th Century, Invention, Science & Medicine, Professions & Vocations, Publishing & Journalism, Writers

June 30, 1990[269]

Chestnut St. between 3rd & 4th Sts., at Nat'l. Liberty Mus., Philadelphia
39.94881°N 75.14683°W

Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, philanthropist, statesman, and scientist. The eighteenth century's most illustrious Pennsylvanian built a house in Franklin Court starting in 1763, and here he lived the last five years of his life.

Further information: List of places named for Benjamin Franklin

Bequest

Franklin bequeathed £1,000 (about $4,400 at the time, or about $125,000 in 2021 dollars[270]) each to the cities of Boston and Philadelphia, in trust to gather interest for 200 years. The trust began in 1785 when the French mathematician Charles-Joseph Mathon de la Cour, who admired Franklin greatly, wrote a friendly parody of Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanack called Fortunate Richard. The main character leaves a smallish amount of money in his will, five lots of 100 livres, to collect interest over one, two, three, four or five full centuries, with the resulting astronomical sums to be spent on impossibly elaborate utopian projects.[271] Franklin, who was 79 years old at the time, wrote thanking him for a great idea and telling him that he had decided to leave a bequest of 1,000 pounds each to his native Boston and his adopted Philadelphia.

By 1990, more than $2,000,000 had accumulated in Franklin's Philadelphia trust, which had loaned the money to local residents. From 1940 to 1990, the money was used mostly for mortgage loans. When the trust came due, Philadelphia decided to spend it on scholarships for local high school students. Franklin's Boston trust fund accumulated almost $5,000,000 during that same time; at the end of its first 100 years a portion was allocated to help establish a trade school that became the Franklin Institute of Boston, and the entire fund was later dedicated to supporting this institute.[272][273]

In 1787, a group of prominent ministers in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, proposed the foundation of a new college named in Franklin's honor. Franklin donated £200 towards the development of Franklin College (now called Franklin & Marshall College).[274]

Franklin on the Series 2009 hundred dollar bill

Marble memorial statue, Benjamin Franklin National Memorial

Likeness and image

As the only person to have signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776, Treaty of Alliance with France in 1778, Treaty of Paris in 1783, and U.S. Constitution in 1787, Franklin is considered one of the leading Founding Fathers of the United States. His pervasive influence in the early history of the nation has led to his being jocularly called "the only president of the United States who was never president of the United States".[275]

Franklin's likeness is ubiquitous. Since 1928, it has adorned American $100 bills. From 1948 to 1963, Franklin's portrait was on the half-dollar.[276] He has appeared on a $50 bill and on several varieties of the $100 bill from 1914 and 1918.[277] Franklin also appears on the $1,000 Series EE savings bond.[278]

On April 12, 1976, as part of a bicentennial celebration, Congress dedicated a 20-foot (6 m) tall marble statue in Philadelphia's Franklin Institute as the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial.[279] Many of Franklin's personal possessions are on display at the institute. In London, his house at 36 Craven Street, which is the only surviving former residence of Franklin, was first marked with a blue plaque and has since been opened to the public as the Benjamin Franklin House.[280] In 1998, workmen restoring the building dug up the remains of six children and four adults hidden below the home. A total of 15 bodies have been recovered.[281] The Friends of Benjamin Franklin House (the organization responsible for the restoration) note that the bones were likely placed there by William Hewson, who lived in the house for two years and who had built a small anatomy school at the back of the house. They note that while Franklin likely knew what Hewson was doing, he probably did not participate in any dissections because he was much more of a physicist than a medical man.[282]

Franklin has been honored on U.S. postage stamps many times. The image of Franklin, the first postmaster general of the United States, occurs on the face of U.S. postage more than any other notable American save that of George Washington.[283] Franklin appeared on the first U.S. postage stamp issued in 1847. From 1908 through 1923, the U.S. Post Office issued a series of postage stamps commonly referred to as the Washington–Franklin Issues where Washington and Franklin were depicted many times over a 14-year period, the longest run of any one series in U.S. postal history. Along with the regular issue stamps Franklin however only appears on a few commemorative stamps. Some of the finest portrayals of Franklin on record can be found on the engravings inscribed on the face of U.S. postage.[283]

Issue of 1861

Issue of 1895

Issue of 1918

Life-size bronze statue of Benjamin Franklin (seated with cane) in the National Constitution Center, Philadelphia

Notes

^ Jump up to:a b c Contemporary records, which used the Julian calendar and the Annunciation Style of enumerating years, recorded his birth as January 6, 1706.[14][15]
^ Portraits of Franklin at this time often contained an inscription, the best known being Turgot's acclamation, "Eripuit fulmen coelo sceptrumque tyrannis." (He snatched the lightning from the skies and the scepter from the tyrants.) Historian Friedrich Christoph Schlosser remarked at the time, with ample hyperbole, that "Such was the number of portraits, busts and medallions of him in circulation before he left Paris, that he would have been recognized from them by any adult citizen in any part of the civilized world." – Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Franklin, Benjamin" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

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^ Fisher, Sydney George (1903). The True Benjamin Franklin (5 ed.). Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company. p. 19.
^ Pocock, George (1851). A TREATISE on The Aeropleustic Art, or Navigation in the Air, by means of Kites, or Buoyant Sails. London: Longmans, Brown, and Co. p. 9.
^ "The Writings of Benjamin Franklin: London, 1757–1775". Historycarper.com. Archived from the original on January 28, 2011. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
^ "Founders Online: From Benjamin Franklin to John Lining, 17 June 1758". founders.archives.gov. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
^ Faraday, Michael (1839). Experimental researches in electricity. Vol. 2. R. & J.E. Taylor. p. v. Franklin's experiments on the non-conduction of ice ...
^ Jones, Thomas P. (1836). Journal of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania. Pergamon Press. pp. 182–83. In the fourth series of his electrical researches, Mr. Faraday ...
^ * W. Gratzer, Eurekas and Euphorias, pp. 80–81
^ Jump up to:a b Franklin, Benjamin (1975) [1772]. "To Joseph Priestley". In Willcox, William Bradford (ed.). The papers of Benjamin Franklin: January 1 through December 31, 1772. Vol. 19. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 299–300. ISBN 978-0-300-01865-3. OCLC 310601.
^ Franklin, Autobiography, ed. Lemay, p. 65
^ Isaacson, 2004, p. 354
^ Isaacson, 2004, p. 5–18
^ Old South Church. "Isaacson, 2003, p. 15". Oldsouth.org. Archived from the original on May 31, 2008. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
^ Isaacson, 2004, p. 26
^ Isaacson, 2004, p. 102
^ Franklin, Benjamin (November 20, 1728). "Articles of Belief and Acts of Religion". Benjamin Franklin Papers. franklinpapers.org. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved December 24, 2010.
^ Franklin, Benjamin (1771). Autobiography and other writings. Cambridge: Riverside. p. 52.
^ Olson, Roger (2009). The Mosaic of Christian Belief: Twenty Centuries of Unity and Diversity. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-2695-7. Other Deists and natural religionists who considered themselves Christians in some sense of the word included Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin.
^ Isaacson, 2004, p. 486
^ Michael E. Eidenmuller. "Online Speech Bank: Benjamin Franklin's Prayer Speech at the Constitutional Convention of 1787". Americanrhetoric.com. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
^ Rossiter, Clinton. 1787. The Grand Convention (1966), pp. 184–85
^ Isaacson, 2004, pp. 107–113
^ Jump up to:a b Franklin Benjamin "Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography". Archived September 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Section 2 reprinted on UShistory.org.
^ "Benjamin Franklin". History.hanover.edu. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
^ Isaacson, 2004, p. 485
^ Isaacson, 2004, p. 149
^ Bailyn, 1992, pp. 273–74, 299–300
^ Jump up to:a b Bailyn, 1992, p. 303
^ Isaacson, 2004, pp. 10, 102, 489
^ Weber, Max (2002). The Protestant Ethic and the "Spirit of Capitalism". Translated by Peter Baehr; Gordon C. Wells. Penguin Books. pp. 9–11. ISBN 9780486122373.
^ Jump up to:a b Isaacson, 2004, pp. 93ff
^ Bailyn, 1992, p. 249
^ Isaacson, 2004, p. 112
^ Franklin, Benjamin (2003). The Political Thought of Benjamin Franklin. ISBN 978-0-87220-683-0.
^ "Chapter 2, The History of Essex Hall by Mortimer Rowe B.A., D.D. Lindsey Press, 1959". Unitarian.org.uk. Archived from the original on March 26, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
^ Isaacson, 2004, p.46
^ Franklin, Benjamin. Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography. Chapter IV. reprinted on USGenNet.org.
^ "A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain". Historycarper.com. Archived from the original on May 28, 2009. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
^ Jump up to:a b Isaacson, 2004, p. 45
^ Isaacson, 2004, pp. 46, 486
^ Henry Louis Mencken, George Jean Nathan (October 19, 2009). The American Mercury, Volume 8. Garber Communications. It is well known that in his youth Benjamin Franklin was a thorough-going Deist, but because he proposed that prayers be said in the Constitution Convention of 1787 many have contended that in later life he became a pious Christian.
^ Ralph Frasca (2009). Benjamin Franklin's Printing Network: Disseminating Virtue in Early America. University of Missouri Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-8262-6492-3. Despite being raised a Puritan of the Congregationalist stripe by his parents, who "brought me through my Childhood piously in the Dissenting Way", Franklin recalled, he abandoned that denomination, briefly embraced deism, and finally became a non-denominational Protestant Christian.
^ Morgan, David T. "Benjamin Franklin: Champion of Generic Religion". The Historian. 62#4 2000. pp. 722+
^ Benjamin Franklin to Richard Price, October 9, 1780 Writings 8:153–54
^ "The Great Seal of the United States" (July 2003). Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State.
^ "1782: Original Design of the Great Seal of the United States", Our Documents: 100 Milestone Documents from the National Archives. National Archives (Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 18–19.
^ Coffman, Steve, ed. (2012). Words of the Founding Fathers: Selected Quotations of Franklin, Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Madison and Hamilton, with Sources. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-7864-5862-2.
^ "The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin". standardebooks.org. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
^ Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin page 38 forward by Benjamin Franklin
^ For more details, see Nash, Gary B. "Franklin and Slavery." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 150, no. 4 (2006): 620.
^ "Benjamin Franklin Abolitionist". PBS. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
^ Nash, Gary B. (December 2006). "Franklin and Slavery". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 150 (4): 623–4. JSTOR 4599029 – via JSTOR.
^ Nash, Gary B. (December 2006). "Franklin and Slavery". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 150 (4): 619–20. JSTOR 4599029 – via JSTOR.
^ Isaacson, 2004, Chapter 8, p.[page needed]
^ Eighty-eight Years – The Long Death of Slavery in the United States, 1777–1865. University of Georgia Press. 2015. ISBN 9780820333953.
^ The History of Abraham Lincoln, and the Overthrow of Slavery, p. 27
^ Waldstreicher, David (July 2004). "Benjamin Franklin, Slavery, and the Founders: On the dangers of reading backwards". Common-Place. 04 (4).
^ "Pennsylvania Abolition Society".
^ Benjamin Franklin for The Pennsylvania Abolition Society to the United States Congress, The memorial of the Pennsylvania Society for promoting the Abolition of Slavery, the relief of free Negroes unlawfully held in bondage, and the Improvement of the Conditions of the African Race (February 3, 1790)
^ Jehlen, Myra; Warner, Michael, eds. (1997). The English Literatures of America, 1500–1800. Psychology Press. p. 891. ISBN 0-415-91903-7.
^ Kaiser, Larry. "What Benjamin Franklin Really Said About Vegetarianism". The Vegetarian Resource Group. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
^ Benjamin Franklin. "Part One". The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin.
^ Richards, Jennie (January 20, 2016). "Benjamin Franklin said "Eating Flesh is Unprovoked Murder"". Humane Decisions. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
^ Lamb, Camille (April 9, 2012). "Ben Franklin Practiced Vegetarianism". Miami New Times. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
^ Jump up to:a b "Benjamin Franklin on Food". Feast and Phrase. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
^ Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko (2013). History of Tofu and Tofu Products (965 CE to 2013). Soyinfo Center. p. 73. ISBN 9781928914556.
^ ""Homespun": Second Reply to "Vindex Patriae"". Founders Online. National Archives: National Historical Publications and Records Commission. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
^ "Benjamin Franklin's Fight Against A Deadly Virus". Retrieved September 27, 2021 – via The Conversation.
^ One article posited that "epidemeal distempers (such as smallpox) come as Judgments from an angry and displeased God.”
^ Jeff Jacoby (September 27, 2021). "A Founding Father's Vaccine Regret". Retrieved September 27, 2021 – via Boston Globe.
^ Korn, Michael (September 28, 2015). "Benjamin Franklin, the Composer". Institute for Music Leadership. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
^ Bloch, Thomas. The Glassharmonica. GFI Scientific.
^ Watefield, Robin (August 1, 2003). Hidden Depths: The Story of Hypnosis: The Story of Hypnosis. Routledge. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-135-40367-6.
^ Jump up to:a b Apel, Willi (1969). "Glass harmonica". Harvard Dictionary of Music. Harvard. p. 347. ISBN 9780674375017.
^ Benke, Richard (February 25, 2001). "'Armonicists' Debate Source of Beethoven's Maladies". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
^ Carmel, Jeffrey J. (November 22, 1983). "Franklin invented it, Mozart wrote for it: the 'armonica' returns". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
^ Charles Osborne (April 1, 1994). The bel canto operas of Rossini, Donizetti, and Bellini. Amadeus Press. ISBN 978-0-931340-71-0.
^ The Carnival of the Animals: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
^ Jump up to:a b c McCrary, John. "Chess and Benjamin Franklin-His Pioneering Contributions" (PDF). Retrieved April 26, 2009.
^ David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld, The Oxford Companion to Chess, Oxford University Press (2nd ed. 1992), p. 145. ISBN 0-19-866164-9.
^ The essay appears in Marcello Truzzi (ed.), Chess in Literature, Avon Books, 1974, pp. 14–15. ISBN 0-380-00164-0.
^ The essay appears in a book by the felicitously named Norman Knight, "Chess Pieces", Chess Magazine, Sutton Coldfield, England (2nd ed. 1968), pp. 5–6. ISBN 0-380-00164-0.
^ Franklin's essay is also reproduced at the U.S. Chess Center Museum and Hall of Fame in Washington, DC. Retrieved December 3, 2008.
^ William Temple Franklin, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Benjamin Franklin, reprinted in Knight, Chess Pieces, pp. 136–37.
^ Price, Bill (2015). The History of Chess in Fifty Moves. Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books (U.S.) Inc. pp. 90–95. ISBN 978-1-77085-529-8.
^ Murrell, David (April 21, 2017). "How the Country's Second Oldest Chess Club is Surviving in a Center City Basement". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
^ "Pennsylvania Historical Marker Search". PHMC. Retrieved November 3, 2018.
^ "Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount - 1790 to Present". measuringworth.com. Archived from the original on April 8, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
^ Richard Price. Observations on the Importance of the American Revolution, and the Means of Making it a Benefit to the World. To which is added, a Letter from M. Turgot, late Comptroller-General of the Finances of France: with an Appendix, containing a Translation of the Will of M. Fortuné Ricard, lately published in France. London: T. Cadell, 1785.
^ "Excerpt from Philadelphia Inquirer article by Clark De Leon". Mathsci.appstate.edu. February 7, 1993. Archived from the original on May 10, 2010. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
^ "History of the Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology". Bfit.edu. Archived from the original on July 31, 2008. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
^ "Letter of introduction : image". Library.fandm.edu. Archived from the original (JPG) on March 1, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
^ Firesign Theater quote, meant humorously but poignantly.
^ Breen, Walter (1988). Walter Breen's Complete Encyclopedia of U.S. and Colonial Coins. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-14207-6.
^ Wilhite, Robert (1998). Standard Catalog of United States Paper Money (17th ed). Krause Pubns Inc. ISBN 0-87341-653-8.
^ "U.S. Savings Bond Images". treasurydirect.gov. Archived from the original on September 5, 2006. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
^ "Memorial dedicated". The Intelligencer. Associated Press. April 13, 1976. Retrieved January 23, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Benjamin Franklin House". Nature. 160 (4053): 15. 1947. Bibcode:1947Natur.160S..15.. doi:10.1038/160015c0.
^ Schultz, Colin (October 23, 2013). "Why Was Benjamin Franklin's Basement Filled with Skeletons?". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
^ The Craven Street Gazette (PDF), Newsletter of the Friends of Benjamin Franklin House, Issue 2, Autumn 1998
^ Jump up to:a b Scotts Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps

Bibliography

Biographies

Becker, Carl Lotus. "Benjamin Franklin", Dictionary of American Biography (1931) – vol 3, with links online Archived March 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
Brands, H. W. (2000). The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin. ISBN 978-0-385-49540-0.
Crane, Vernon W. Benjamin Franklin and a rising people (1954) short biography by a scholar; online free
Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin; many editions
Gaustad, Edwin S. Benjamin Franklin (2006) doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305357.001.0001 online
Isaacson, Walter (2003). Benjamin Franklin: An American Life. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780743258074.
Ketcham, Ralph. Benjamin Franklin (1966) 228 pp online edition, short biography by scholar
Lemay, J.A. Leo. The Life of Benjamin Franklin, scholarly biography, 3 volumes appeared before the author's death in 2008
- Volume 1: Journalist, 1706–1730 (2005) 568 pp ISBN 978-0-8122-3854-9
- Volume 2: Printer and publisher, 1730–1747 (2005) 664 pp ISBN 978-0-8122-3855-6
- Volume 3: Soldier, scientist, and politician, 1748–1757 (2008), 768 pp ISBN 978-0-8122-4121-1
Morgan, Edmund S. Benjamin Franklin (2003), interpretation by leading scholar online free
Schiff, Stacy, A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America, (2005) Henry Holt
James Srodes, Franklin, The Essential Founding Father, (2002, softcover 2003, Regnery History) ISBN 978-0-89526-163-2, 978-0-89526-104-5
Van Doren, Carl (1938). Benjamin Franklin. Viking. ISBN 978-1-931541-85-5., Pulitzer Prize winning biography; online free
Wood, Gordon. The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin (2005) ISBN 978-0-14-303528-2, intellectual history by leading historian.
Wright, Esmond. Franklin of Philadelphia (1986) ISBN 978-0-674-31810-6 – scholarly study

For young readers

Asimov, Isaac. The Kite That Won the Revolution, a biography for children that focuses on Franklin's scientific and diplomatic contributions.
Fleming, Candace. Ben Franklin's Almanac: Being a True Account of the Good Gentleman's Life. Atheneum/Anne Schwart, 2003, 128 pp. ISBN 978-0-689-83549-0.
Miller, Brandon. Benjamin Franklin, American Genius: His Life and Ideas with 21 Activities (For Kids series) 2009 Chicago Review Press

Scholarly studies

Anderson, Douglas. The Radical Enlightenments of Benjamin Franklin (1997) – fresh look at the intellectual roots of Franklin
Buxbaum, M.H., ed. Critical Essays on Benjamin Franklin (1987)
Chaplin, Joyce. The First Scientific American: Benjamin Franklin and the Pursuit of Genius. (2007)
Cohen, I. Bernard. Benjamin Franklin's Science (1990) – Cohen, the leading specialist, has several books on Franklin's science
Conner, Paul W. Poor Richard's Politicks (1965) – analyzes Franklin's ideas in terms of the Enlightenment and republicanism
Dull, Jonathan. Benjamin Franklin and the American Revolution (2010)
Dull, Jonathan. A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution (1985)
Dray, Philip. Stealing God's Thunder: Benjamin Franklin's Lightning Rod and the Invention of America. (2005). 279 pp.
Ford, Paul Leicester. The Many-Sided Franklin (1899) online edition – collection of scholarly essays
- "Franklin as Printer and Publisher" in The Century (April 1899) v. 57 pp. 803–818.
- "Franklin as Scientist" in The Century (September 1899) v.57 pp. 750–763. By Paul Leicester Ford.
- "Franklin as Politician and Diplomatist" in The Century (October 1899) v. 57 pp. 881–899. By Paul Leicester Ford.
Frasca, Ralph. Benjamin Franklin's printing network: disseminating virtue in early America (U of Missouri Press, 2006) excerpt.
Frasca, Ralph. "Benjamin Franklin's Printing Network and the Stamp Act." Pennsylvania History 71.4 (2004): 403–419 online.
Gleason, Philip (2000). "Trouble in the Colonial Melting Pot". Journal of American Ethnic History. 20 (1): 3–17.
Houston, Alan. Benjamin Franklin and the Politics of Improvement (2009)
Lemay, J.A. Leo, ed. Reappraising Benjamin Franklin: A Bicentennial Perspective (1993) – scholarly essays
Mathews, L.K. "Benjamin Franklin's Plans for a Colonial Union, 1750–1775." American Political Science Review 8 (August 1914): 393–412.
McCoy, Drew R. (1978). "Benjamin Franklin's Vision of a Republican Political Economy for America". William and Mary Quarterly. 35 (4): 607–628. doi:10.2307/1923207. JSTOR 1923207.
Merli, Frank J., and Theodore A. Wilson, eds. Makers of American diplomacy, from Benjamin Franklin to Henry Kissinger (1974) online free
Newman, Simon P. "Benjamin Franklin and the Leather-Apron Men: The Politics of Class in Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia", Journal of American Studies, August 2009, Vol. 43#2 pp. 161–75; Franklin took pride in his working class origins and his printer's skills.
Olson, Lester C. Benjamin Franklin's Vision of American Community: A Study in Rhetorical Iconology. (2004). 323 pp.
Rosenthall, Karen M. "A Generative Populace: Benjamin Franklin’s Economic Agendas" Early American Literature 51#3 (2016), pp. 571–598. online
Schiffer, Michael Brian. Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment. (2003). 383 pp.
Skemp, Sheila L. Benjamin and William Franklin: Father and Son, Patriot and Loyalist (1994) – Ben's son was a leading Loyalist
Sletcher, Michael. 'Domesticity: The Human Side of Benjamin Franklin', Magazine of History, XXI (2006).
Waldstreicher, David. Runaway America: Benjamin Franklin, Slavery, and the American Revolution. Hill and Wang, 2004. 315 pp.
Walters, Kerry S. Benjamin Franklin and His Gods. (1999). 213 pp. Takes position midway between D H Lawrence's brutal 1930 denunciation of Franklin's religion as nothing more than a bourgeois commercialism tricked out in shallow utilitarian moralisms and Owen Aldridge's sympathetic 1967 treatment of the dynamism and protean character of Franklin's "polytheistic" religion.
York, Neil. "When Words Fail: William Pitt, Benjamin Franklin and the Imperial Crisis of 1766", Parliamentary History, October 2009, Vol. 28#3 pp. 341–374

Historiography

Brands, H. W. "Lives and Times" Reviews in American History 41#2 (2013), pp. 207–212. online
Waldstreicher, David, ed. A Companion to Benjamin Franklin (2011), 25 essays by scholars emphasizing how historians have handled Franklin. online edition

Primary sources

Silence Dogood, The Busy-Body, & Early Writings (J.A. Leo Lemay, ed.) (Library of America, 1987 one-volume, 2005 two-volume) ISBN 978-1-931082-22-8
Autobiography, Poor Richard, & Later Writings (J.A. Leo Lemay, ed.) (Library of America, 1987 one-volume, 2005 two-volume) ISBN 978-1-883011-53-6
Franklin, B.; Majault, M.J.; Le Roy, J.B.; Sallin, C.L.; Bailly, J.-S.; d'Arcet, J.; de Bory, G.; Guillotin, J.-I.; Lavoisier, A. (2002). "Report of The Commissioners charged by the King with the Examination of Animal Magnetism". International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 50 (4): 332–363. doi:10.1080/00207140208410109. PMID 12362951. S2CID 36506710.
The Papers of Benjamin Franklin online, Sponsored by The American Philosophical Society and Yale University
Benjamin Franklin Reader edited by Walter Isaacson (2003)
Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography edited by J.A. Leo Lemay and P.M. Zall, (Norton Critical Editions, 1986); 390 pp. text, contemporary documents and 20th century analysis
Houston, Alan, ed. Franklin: The Autobiography and other Writings on Politics, Economics, and Virtue. Cambridge University Press, 2004. 371 pp.
Ketcham, Ralph, ed. The Political Thought of Benjamin Franklin. (1965, reprinted 2003). 459 pp.
Lass, Hilda, ed. The Fabulous American: A Benjamin Franklin Almanac. (1964). 222 pp.
Leonard Labaree, and others., eds., The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, 39 vols. to date (1959–2008), definitive edition, through 1783. This massive collection of BF's writings, and letters to him, is available in large academic libraries. It is most useful for detailed research on specific topics. The complete text of all the documents are online and searchable; The Index is also online at the Wayback Machine (archived September 28, 2010).
The Way to Wealth. Applewood Books; 1986. ISBN 0-918222-88-5
Poor Richard's Almanack. Peter Pauper Press; 1983. ISBN 0-88088-918-7
Poor Richard Improved by Benjamin Franklin (1751)
Writings (Franklin)|Writings. ISBN 0-940450-29-1
"On Marriage."
"Satires and Bagatelles."
"A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain."
"Fart Proudly: Writings of Benjamin Franklin You Never Read in School." Carl Japikse, Ed. Frog Ltd.; Reprint ed. 2003. ISBN 1-58394-079-0
"Heroes of America Benjamin Franklin."
"Experiments and Observations on Electricity." (1751)

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Presentation by H.W. Brands on The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin, October 5, 2000, C-SPAN
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Presentation by Edmund S. Morgan on Benjamin Franklin, November 12, 2002, C-SPAN
Presentation by Stacy Schiff on A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America, April 12, 2005, C-SPAN
Booknotes interview with James Srodes on Franklin: The Essential Founding Father, May 19, 2002, C-SPAN
Interview with Gordon S. Wood on The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin, June 4, 2004, C-SPAN
Panel discussion on Franklin with Walter Isaacson, Gordon Wood, and Stacy Schiff, hosted by Jim Lehrer, January 8, 2006, C-SPAN

Benjamin Franklin and Electrostatics experiments and Franklin's electrical writings from Wright Center for Science Education
Franklin's impact on medicine – talk by medical historian, Dr. Jim Leavesley celebrating the 300th anniversary of Franklin's birth on Okham's Razor ABC Radio National – December 2006
Benjamin Franklin Papers, Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvania.

In the arts

Benjamin Franklin 300 (1706–2006) Official web site of the Benjamin Franklin Tercentenary.
The Historical Society of Pennsylvania Collection of Benjamin Franklin Papers, including correspondence, government documents, writings and a copy of his will, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

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