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Siena

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For other uses, see Siena (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Sienna.
SienaCountryRegionProvinceFrazioniGovernment • MayorArea[1] • TotalElevationPopulation (31 December 2017[2])[3] • Total • DensityDemonym(s)Time zone • Summer (DST)Postal codeDialing codePatron saintSaint dayWebsiteUNESCO World Heritage SiteCriteriaReferenceInscriptionAreaBuffer zone
Comune di Siena
View of Piazza del Campo (Campo Square), the Mangia Tower (Torre del Mangia) and Santa Maria in Provenzano Church
Coat of arms
 
show
Location of Siena
 
Siena
Location of Siena in Italy
Show map of ItalyShow map of TuscanyShow all
Coordinates: (53893) 43°19′07″N 11°19′50″ECoordinates: (53893) 43°19′07″N 11°19′50″E
Italy
Tuscany
Siena (SI)
Abbadia, Agostoli, Bolgione, Colle Malamerenda, Costafabbri, Costalpino, Fogliano, Ginestreto, Isola d'Arbia, Le Tolfe, Monteliscai, Pieve a Bozzone, Presciano, Sant'Andrea a Montecchio, Santa Regina, Taverne d'Arbia, Val di Pugna, Vico d'Arbia, Vignano, Volte Alte
Luigi De Mossi (centre-right)
118 km2 (46 sq mi)
322 m (1,056 ft)
53,901
460/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
Senese
UTC+1 (CET)
UTC+2 (CEST)
53100, 53010
0577
St. Ansanus/
Ambrose of Siena
1 December/
8 October
Official website
 
Cultural: (i)(ii)(iv)
717
1995 (19th Session)
170 ha (420 acres)
9,907 ha (24,480 acres)
 
 

Siena (/siˈɛnə/ see-EN, Italian: [ˈsjɛːna, ˈsjeːna] (

listen);[4] in English sometimes spelled Sienna; Latin: Sena Iulia) is a city in Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the province of Siena.

The city is historically linked to commercial and banking activities, having been a major banking center until the 13th and 14th centuries.[5] Siena is also home to the oldest bank in the world, the Monte dei Paschi bank, which has been operating continuously since 1472.[6]

Several significant Renaissance painters worked and were born in Siena, among them Duccio, Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Simone Martini and Sassetta, and influenced the course of Italian and European art.[7][8]

The University of Siena, originally called Studium Senese, was founded in 1240, making it one of the oldest universities in continuous operation in the world.[9][10]

Siena was one of the most important cities in medieval Europe, and its historic is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[8][11] From January until the end of September of 2021 it had about 217,000 arrivals, with the largest numbers of foreign visitors coming from Germany, France and the Netherlands.[12] Siena is famous for its cuisine, art, museums, medieval cityscape and the Palio, a horse race held twice a year in Piazza del Campo.

History[edit]

 
Capitoline Wolf at Siena Duomo. According to a legend Siena was founded by Senius and Aschius, two sons of Remus. When they fled Rome, they took the statue of the She-wolf to Siena, which became a symbol of the town.

Antiquity[edit]

Siena, like other Tuscan hill towns, was first settled in the time of the Etruscans (c. 900–400 BC) when it was inhabited by a tribe called the Saina. The Etruscans were a tribe of advanced people who changed the face of central Italy through their use of irrigation to reclaim previously unfarmable land, and their custom of building their settlements in well-defended hill forts. A Roman town called Saena Julia was founded at the site in the time of the Emperor Augustus.[13]

According to local legend, Siena was founded by Senius and Aschius, two sons of Remus and thus nephews of Romulus, after whom Rome was named. Supposedly after their father's murder by Romulus, they fled Rome, taking with them the statue of the she-wolf suckling the infants (Capitoline Wolf), thus appropriating that symbol for the town.[citation needed] Additionally they rode white and black horses, giving rise to the Balzana, or coat of arms of Siena with a white band atop a dark band. Some claim the name Siena derives from Senius. Other etymologies derive the name from the Etruscan family name Saina, the Roman family name Saenii, or the Latin word senex "old" or its derived form seneo "to be old".

Siena did not prosper under Roman rule. It was not sited near any major roads and lacked opportunities for trade. Its insular status meant that Christianity did not penetrate until the 4th century AD, and it was not until the Lombards invaded Siena and the surrounding territory that it knew prosperity.[citation needed] After the Lombard occupation, the old Roman roads of Via Aurelia and the Via Cassia passed through areas exposed to Byzantine raids, so the Lombards rerouted much of their trade between the Lombards' northern possessions and Rome along a more secure road through Siena. Siena prospered as a trading post, and the constant streams of pilgrims passing to and from Rome provided a valuable source of income in the centuries to come.

Middle Ages[edit]

Main article: Republic of Siena

The oldest aristocratic families in Siena date their line to the Lombards' surrender in 774 to Charlemagne. At this point, the city was inundated with a swarm of Frankish overseers who married into the existing Sienese nobility and left a legacy that can be seen in the abbeys they founded throughout Sienese territory.[citation needed] Feudal power waned, however, and by the death of Countess Matilda in 1115 the border territory of the March of Tuscany which had been under the control of her family, the Canossa, broke up into several autonomous regions. This ultimately resulted in the creation of the Republic of Siena.[13]

The Republic existed for over four hundred years, from the 12th century until 1555. During the golden age of Siena before the Black Death in 1348, the city was home to 50,000 people.[14] A major economic centre and among the most important cities in Europe, as well as the main political, economic, and artistic rival of its neighboring city of Florence.[5][15]

In the Italian War of 1551–59, the republic was defeated by the rival Florence in alliance with the Spanish crown. After 18 months of resistance, Siena surrendered to Spain on 17 April 1555, marking the end of the republic.[16]

Medicean period[edit]

After the fall of the Republic, a few Sienese led by the Florentine exile Piero Strozzi, not wanting to accept the fall of the Republic, took refuge in Montalcino, creating the Republic of Siena sheltered in Montalcino. It lived until May 31, 1559 when it was betrayed by the French allies, whom Siena had always supported, concluding with the Peace of Cateau Cambrésis with Charles V, that effectively ceded the Republic to the Medici.[17]

The House of Medici, apart from the brief parenthesis of Ferdinando I, who tried to create an organized state, were not able to give a stable structure to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, keeping almost unchanged the division between the so-called Old State, i.e. Florence, and the New State, i.e. Siena and the southern part up to Pitigliano, with different laws and taxes. With the death of Gian Gastone de' Medici, (1737), who had no children, the Medici dynasty ended and the Grand Duchy passed into the hands of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty who kept it until 1799.[17]

Late modern period[edit]

After the Napoleonic period and the Risorgimento uprisings, Siena was the first city in Tuscany, in 1859, to vote in favor of annexation to the Kingdom of Italy.[18]

Geography[edit]

Siena is located in the central part of Tuscany, in the middle of a vast hilly landscape between the Arbia river valley (south), the Merse valley (south-west), the Elsa valley (north), the Chianti hills (north-east), the Montagnola Senese (west) and the Crete Senesi (south-east). The city lies at 322 m (1,056 ft) above sea level.

Climate[edit]

Siena has a typical inland Mediterranean climate. Average rainfall is 750 mm (29.5 in), with the maximum in November and the minimum in July. July is the hottest month, with an average temperature of 22.2 °C (72.0 °F), and January the coldest.[19]

Government[edit]

Main sights[edit]

 
Interior of the Siena Cathedral
 
Façade of the Palazzo Pubblico (town hall) during the Palio days
 
Piazza Salimbeni
 
Streets of old Siena
 
View from the Campanile del Mangia

The Siena Cathedral (Duomo), begun in the 12th century, is a masterpiece of Italian RomanesqueGothic architecture. Its main façade was completed in 1380 with a nave oriented northeast–southwest. A proposed expansion of the eastern transept would have transformed the church into an ambitiously massive basilica, the largest then in the world, with an east–west nave. However, the scarcity of funds, in part due to war and the Black Death, truncated the project. Two walls of this expanded eastern transept remain; through an internal staircase, visitors can climb for a grand view of the city.

The Siena Cathedral Pulpit is an octagonal 13th-century masterpiece sculpted by Nicola Pisano with lion pedestals and biblical bas-relief panels. The inlaid marble mosaic floor of the cathedral, designed and labored on by many artists, is among the most elaborate in Italy. The Sacristy and Piccolomini library have well preserved Renaissance frescos by Ghirlandaio and Pinturicchio respectively. Other sculptors active in the church and in the subterranean baptistry are Donatello, Lorenzo Ghiberti, Jacopo della Quercia and others. The Museo dell'Opera del Duomo contains Duccio's famous Maestà (1308–11) and various other works by Sienese masters. More Sienese paintings are to be found in the Pinacoteca, e.g. 13th-century works by Dietisalvi di Speme.

The Piazza del Campo, the shell-shaped town square, unfurls before the Palazzo Pubblico with its tall Torre del Mangia. This is part of the site for the Palio horse race. The Palazzo Pubblico, itself a great work of architecture, houses yet another important art museum. Included within the museum is Ambrogio Lorenzetti's frescoes depicting the Allegory and Effects of Good and Bad Government and also some of the finest frescoes of Simone Martini and Pietro Lorenzetti.

The Palazzo Salimbeni, located in a piazza of the same name, was the original headquarters and remains in possession of the Monte dei Paschi di Siena, one of the oldest banks in continuous existence in Europe.

Housed in the notable Gothic Palazzo Chigi-Saracini on Via di Città is the Accademia Musicale Chigiana, Siena's conservatory of music.

Other churches in the city include:

The historic Siena synagogue is also preserved and open to visitors.

The city's gardens include the Orto Botanico dell'Università di Siena, a botanical garden maintained by the University of Siena.

The Medicean Fortress houses the Enoteca Italiana and the Siena Jazz School, with courses and concerts throughout the year, and a festival during the International Siena Jazz Masterclasses.

In the neighbourhood are numerous patrician villas, some of which are attributed to Baldassarre Peruzzi:

 
A view of Siena from the Torre del Mangia

Culture[edit]

Contrade[edit]

Main article: Contrade di Siena

Siena retains a ward-centric culture from medieval times. Each ward (contrada) is represented by an animal or mascot, and has its own boundary and distinct identity. Ward rivalries are most rampant during the annual horse race (Palio) in the Piazza del Campo.[20] There are 17 wards (contrada): Aquila, Bruco, Chiocciola, Civetta, Drago, Giraffa, Istrice, Leocorno, Lupa, Nicchio, Oca, Onda, Pantera, Selva, Tartuca, Torre, Valdimontone.

The Palio[edit]

Main article: Palio di Siena

The Palio di Siena is a traditional medieval horse race run around the Piazza del Campo twice each year, on 2 July and 16 August. The event is attended by large crowds, and is widely televised. Ten randomly selected from 17 Contrade (which are city neighbourhoods originally formed as battalions for the city's defence) vie for the trophy: a painted banner, or Palio bearing an image of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

Art[edit]

 
Madonna and Child with saints polyptych by Duccio (1311–18)
 
Sassetta, Institution of the Eucharist (1430–32), Pinacoteca di Siena

Over the centuries, Siena has had a rich tradition of arts and artists. The list of artists from the Sienese School include Duccio and his student Simone Martini, Pietro Lorenzetti and Martino di Bartolomeo. A number of well-known works of Renaissance and High Renaissance art still remain in galleries or churches in Siena.

The Church of San Domenico contains art by Guido da Siena, dating to the mid-13th century. Duccio's Maestà, which was commissioned by the City of Siena in 1308, was instrumental in leading Italian painting away from the hieratic representations of Byzantine art and directing it towards more direct presentations of reality. And his Madonna and Child with Saints polyptych, painted between 1311 and 1318, remains at the city's Pinacoteca Nazionale.

The Pinacoteca also includes several works by Domenico Beccafumi, as well as art by Lorenzo Lotto, Domenico di Bartolo and Fra Bartolomeo.

Economy[edit]

The main activities are tourism, services, agriculture, handicrafts and light industry.

Agriculture[edit]

Agriculture constitutes Siena's primary industry. As of 2009, Siena's agricultural workforce comprises 919 companies with a total area of 10.755 square kilometres (4.153 sq mi) for a UAA (usable agricultural area) of 6.954 square kilometres (2.685 sq mi) or about 130 of the total municipal area (data ISTAT for the 2000 Agriculture Census V).

Industry and manufacturing[edit]

The industrial sector of the Sienese economy is not very developed. However, the area has seen recent growth in important core manufacturing enterprises.

The confectionery industry is one of the most important of the traditional sectors of the secondary industry, because of the many local specialties. Among the best known are Panforte, a precursor to modern fruitcake, Ricciarelli biscuits, made out of almond paste, and the well-known gingerbread, and the horses. Also renowned is Noto, a sweet made out of honey, almonds and pepper. The area known for making these delicacies ranges between Tuscany and Umbria. Other seasonal specialties are the chestnut and the pan de 'Santi (or Pan co' Santi) traditionally prepared in the weeks preceding the Festival of Saints, 1 November. All are marketed both industrial and artisan bakeries in different cities.

The area has also seen a growth in biotechnology. The Centenary Institute Sieroterapico Achille Sclavo used to be Swiss-owned, operating under the company name, Novartis Vaccines. Novartis developed and produced vaccines and employed about a thousand people. In 2015, the research plant in Siena became part of Glaxo Smith Kline, as part of a deal between Novartis and this firm.[21]

Professional sports[edit]

Associazione Calcio Siena (football) was founded in 1904 and fully established in 1908. It was first promoted to Italy's top league, Serie A, for the 2003–04 season and stayed in this serie for nine seasons. After the club's bankruptcy in 2014, a new club named Società Sportiva Robur Siena took its place and had to restart from Serie D. Currently it is in Lega Pro league. The club hosts its games at the Stadio Artemio Franchi.

The premier society of men's basketball in Siena was called Mens Sana Basket (also referred to by its sponsored name of Montepaschi Siena). It is also the oldest sports society in Siena. Mens Sana Basket participated in the highest level of play in Italy, Lega Basket Serie A, and it has won the national championship eight times, with a streak of seven (2004 and 2007–13). The team host their home games at PalaEstra indoor arena. Like the local football team, the club went through financial issues in 2014, and its place was taken by the new club Mens Sana 1871, currently in the Serie A2 league. The city co-hosted the EuroBasket 1979.

 
The Strade Bianche cycling race starts and finishes in Siena

Siena hosts the start and finish of the Strade Bianche, a professional cycling race famous for its historic white gravel roads, called strade bianche or sterrati in Italian.[22] More than 50 kilometres (31 miles) of the race is run over dirt roads, usually country lanes and farm tracks twisting through the hills and vineyards of the Chianti region. The finish is on the Piazza del Campo, after a steep and narrow climb on the roughly paved Via Santa Caterina leading into the center of the medieval city.[23]

Twin towns[edit]

Siena is twinned with:

Image gallery[edit]

  • Siena, Campanile Palazzo Pubblico & Duomo

  • Siena, Campanile, Torre del Mangia (Palazzo Pubblico)

  • Siena, Duomo

  • The interior of the dome in the Siena cathedral

  • Interior of the dome at the duomo, Siena

  • Panorama of Siena

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  2. ^ Data from Istat
  3. ^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  4. ^ Luciano Canepari. "Siena". DiPI Online (in Italian). Retrieved 28 October 2018.
  5. ^ Jump up to:a b "Siena | Italy". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  6. ^ "Monte dei Paschi di Siena: a brief guide to the world's oldest bank". the Guardian. 22 December 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  7. ^ "Pinacoteca Nazionale in Siena – Terre di Siena". Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  8. ^ Jump up to:a b "Historic Centre of Siena". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 3 December 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  9. ^ "Storia dell'Ateneo | Università degli Studi di Siena". www.unisi.it. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  10. ^ "10 of the Oldest Universities in the World". Top Universities. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  11. ^ "Siena in the Middle Ages | by Siena OnLine". www.sienaonline.com. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  12. ^ valdelsa.net. "A Siena boom di presenze turistiche nonostante la pandemia: numeri da cui ripartire". www.valdelsa.net (in Italian). Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  13. ^ Jump up to:a b "Siena nell'Enciclopedia Treccani". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  14. ^ Smith, T.B.; Steinhoff, J.B. (2012). Art as Politics in Late Medieval and Renaissance Siena. Ashgate Publishing Company. p. 77. ISBN 9781409400660. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  15. ^ "Art and Architecture in Medieval Siena: Reverence and Rivalry in the City of the Virgin".
  16. ^ Caravale, Giorgio, autor. (2016). Preaching and inquisition in Renaissance Italy : words on trial. ISBN 978-90-04-32545-6. OCLC 1030563659.
  17. ^ Jump up to:a b "Siena medicea". www.movio.beniculturali.it. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  18. ^ "Breve storia di Siena Dagli etruschi ai giorni nostri Il Cavalleggero". www.ilcavalleggero.it (in Italian). Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  19. ^ "Climate Data from the University of Siena's Meteorological Station (1961–1990) – Achivio Climatico ENEA". Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  20. ^ Huppert, George (1998). After the Black Death: A Social History of Early Modern Europe (Second ed.). Indiana University Press. p. 36.
  21. ^ "Novartis, gli stabilimenti di Siena passano a Glaxo entro marzo. E attacca il governo sulla maxi-multa". Corriere. 28 January 2015.
  22. ^ "Siena start for Strade Bianche in 2016". Cycling News. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  23. ^ Brown, Gregor (6 March 2015). "Preview: Strade Bianche promises to be a strongman's race". Velo News. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  24. ^ "Jumelages et Relations Internationales – Avignon". Avignon.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 16 July 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
  25. ^ "Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures". Ministère des affaires étrangères (in French). Archived from the original on 26 February 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013.

Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

Sienaat Wikipedia's sister projects
  •  Siena travel guide from Wikivoyage

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