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Seven Samurai

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Seven Samurai

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For other uses, see Seven Samurai (disambiguation).
Seven Samurai
Seven Samurai movie poster.jpg
Japanese theatrical release poster
Directed byAkira Kurosawa
Produced bySōjirō Motoki
Screenplay by
Starring
Music byFumio Hayasaka
CinematographyAsakazu Nakai
Edited byAkira Kurosawa
Production
company
Distributed byToho
Release date
  • 26 April 1954 (1954-04-26)
Running time
207 minutes (with intermission)
CountryJapan
LanguageJapanese
Budget¥125 million[1] ($1.1 million)
Box office¥268 million[1] ($2.3 million)

Seven Samurai (Japanese: 七人の侍, Hepburn: Shichinin no Samurai) is a 1954 Japanese epic samurai drama film co-written, edited, and directed by Akira Kurosawa. The story takes place in 1586[2] during the Sengoku period of Japanese history. It follows the story of a village of farmers that hire seven rōnin (masterless samurai) to combat bandits who will return after the harvest to steal their crops.

Since its release, Seven Samurai has consistently ranked highly in critics' lists of the greatest films, such as the BFI's Sight & Sound and Rotten Tomatoes polls.[3][4] It was also voted the greatest foreign-language film in BBC's 2018 international critics' poll.[5] It has remained highly influential, often seen as one of the most "remade, reworked, referenced" films in cinema.[6]

Plot[edit]

Part one[edit]

Bandits discuss raiding a mountain village, but their chief decides to wait until after the harvest as they had raided it fairly recently. The plan is inadvertently overheard by a farmer, whereupon the villagers ask Gisaku, the village elder and miller, for advice. He states that he once saw a village that had hired samurai and remained untouched by raiders, and declares they should also hire samurai to defend themselves. Since they have no money, Gisaku advises them to find hungry samurai.

After having little success initially, the scouting group watches Kambei, an aging but experienced rōnin, rescue a young boy who had been taken hostage by a thief. A young samurai named Katsushirō asks to become Kambei's disciple. The villagers then ask for help, and after initial reluctance, Kambei agrees. He recruits his old friend Shichirōji and, with Katsushirō's assistance, three other samurai: the friendly, wily Gorobei; the good-willed Heihachi; and Kyūzō, a taciturn master swordsman whom Katsushirō regards with awe. Although inexperienced, Katsushirō is accepted because time is short. Kikuchiyo, a man who carries a family scroll that he claims proves he is a samurai (though the birth date on it is for a young child), follows the group despite attempts to drive him away.

On arrival, the samurai find the villagers cowering in their homes, refusing to greet them. Feeling insulted by such a cold reception, Kikuchiyo rings the village alarm bell, prompting the villagers to come out of hiding. The samurai are both pleased and amused by this, and accept him as a comrade-in-arms. Slowly the samurai and farmers begin to trust each other as they train together. Katsushirō forms a relationship with Shino, a farmer's daughter, who had been masquerading as a boy for protection from the supposedly lustful samurai. However, the six samurai are angered when Kikuchiyo brings them armor and weapons, which the villagers most likely acquired by killing injured or dying samurai. Kikuchiyo retorts in a rage that samurai are responsible for battles, raids, taxation and forced labor that devastate the villagers' lives. By so doing, he reveals his origin as an orphaned farmer's son. The samurais' anger turns to shame.

Part Two[edit]

Three bandit scouts are spotted. Two are killed, while another reveals the location of their camp. Against the wishes of the samurai, the villagers kill the prisoner. The samurai burn down the bandits' camp in a pre-emptive strike. Rikichi, a troubled villager who helps the samurai, breaks down when he sees his wife, who had apparently been kidnapped and made a concubine in a previous raid. on seeing Rikichi, she walks back into her burning hut. Heihachi is killed trying to save Rikichi, whose grief is compounded.

When the bandits finally attack, they are confounded by new fortifications, including a moat and wooden fence. Several bandits are killed according to Kambei's plan: The bandits are allowed to enter the village singly, to be hunted down and killed by groups of farmers armed with bamboo spears. Gisaku refuses to abandon his mill on the outskirts of the village and perishes with his family, who tried to save him. A lone baby is rescued by Kikuchiyo, who breaks down in tears, as it reminds him of his own childhood.

The bandits possess three Japanese matchlock firearms. Kyūzō ventures out alone and returns with one. An envious Kikuchiyo abandons his post—and his contingent of farmers—to bring back another. He is chastised by Kambei because, while he was gone, the bandits killed some of his farmers. The bandits attack again, and Gorobei is slain. That night, Kambei predicts that, due to their dwindling numbers, the bandits will make one last all-out attack. Meanwhile, Katsushirō and Shino's relationship is discovered by her father. He hits her until Kambei and the villagers intervene. Shichirōji calms everyone down by saying the couple should be forgiven because they are young and that before any battle, passions can run high.

The next morning in a torrential downpour, Kambei orders that the remaining thirteen bandits be allowed into the village. As the battle winds down, their leader, armed with a gun, enters the women's hut, from where he shoots Kyūzō. An enraged Kikuchiyo charges the hut; he is shot, but kills the bandit chief before dying.

The three surviving samurai watch as the joyful villagers sing whilst planting their crops. Kambei—standing beneath the funeral mounds of their four comrades—reflects that it is another pyrrhic victory for the samurai: "In the end we lost this battle too. The victory belongs to the peasants, not to us."

Cast[edit]

The seven samurai[edit]

  • Toshiro Mifune as Kikuchiyo (菊千代), a humorous, mercurial and temperamental rogue who lies about being a samurai, but eventually proves his worth and resourcefulness.
  • Takashi Shimura as Kambei Shimada (島田勘兵衛, Shimada Kanbei), a war-weary but honourable and strategic rōnin, and the leader of the seven.
  • Daisuke Katō as Shichirōji (七郎次), Kambei's old friend and former lieutenant.
  • Isao Kimura as Katsushirō Okamoto (岡本勝四郎, Okamoto Katsushirō), the untested son of a wealthy landowner samurai, whom Kambei reluctantly takes in as a disciple.[7]
  • Minoru Chiaki as Heihachi Hayashida (林田平八, Hayashida Heihachi), an amiable though less-skilled fighter, whose charm and wit maintain his comrades' morale in the face of adversity.
  • Seiji Miyaguchi as Kyūzō (久蔵), a serious, stone-faced and supremely skilled swordsman.
  • Yoshio Inaba as Gorōbei Katayama (片山五郎兵衛, Katayama Gorōbei), a skilled archer, who acts as Kambei's second-in-command and helps create the master plan for the village's defense.

Villagers[edit]

Others[edit]

Production[edit]

Film makers stand in front of actors while filming the movie.
Filming the movie, from behind the scenes.

Akira Kurosawa had originally wanted to direct a film about a single day in the life of a samurai. Later, in the course of his research, he discovered a story about samurai defending farmers. According to actor Toshiro Mifune, the film was originally going to be called Six Samurai, with Mifune playing the role of Kyuzo. During the six-week scriptwriting process, Kurosawa and his screenwriters realized that "six sober samurai were a bore—they needed a character that was more off-the-wall".[9] Kurosawa recast Mifune as Kikuchiyo and gave him creative license to improvise actions in his performance.

The film took a year to complete. It had become a topic of wide discussion long before it was released.[10] After three months of pre-production the film had 148 shooting days spread out over a year—four times the span covered in the original budget, which eventually came to almost half a million dollars. Toho Studios closed down production at least twice. Each time, Kurosawa calmly went fishing, reasoning that the studio had already heavily invested in the production and would allow him to complete the picture. The film's final battle scene, originally scheduled to be shot at the end of summer, was shot in February in near-freezing temperatures. Mifune later recalled that he had never been so cold in his life.[11]

Writing[edit]

Kurosawa and the writers were innovative in refining the theme of the assembly of heroic characters to perform a mission. According to Michael Jeck's DVD commentary, Seven Samurai was among the first films to use the now-common plot element of the recruiting and gathering of heroes into a team to accomplish a specific goal, a device used in later films such as The Guns of Navarone, Sholay, the western remake The Magnificent Seven, and Pixar's animated film A Bug's Life.[12] Film critic Roger Ebert speculates in his review that the sequence introducing the leader Kambei (in which the samurai shaves off his topknot, a sign of honor among samurai, in order to pose as a monk to rescue a boy from a kidnapper) could be the origin of the practice, now common in action movies, of introducing the main hero with an undertaking unrelated to the main plot.[13] Other plot devices such as the reluctant hero, romance between a local woman and the youngest hero, and the nervousness of the common citizenry had appeared in other films before this but were combined in this film.

Set design[edit]

Kurosawa refused to shoot the peasant village at Toho Studios and had a complete set constructed at Tagata on the Izu Peninsula, Shizuoka. Although the studio protested the increased production costs, Kurosawa was adamant that "the quality of the set influences the quality of the actors' performances... For this reason, I have the sets made exactly like the real thing. It restricts the shooting but encourages that feeling of authenticity."[11] He also spoke of 'intense labour' of making the film: "It rained all the time, we didn't have enough horses. It was just the kind of picture that is impossible to make in this country."[10]

Filming[edit]

Through the creative freedom provided by the studio, Kurosawa made use of telephoto lenses, which were rare in 1954, as well as multiple cameras which allowed the action to fill the screen and place the audience right in the middle of it.[10] "If I had filmed it in the traditional shot-by-shot method, there was no guarantee that any action could be repeated in exactly the same way twice." He found it to be very effective and he later used it in movies that were less action-oriented. His method was to put one camera in the most orthodox shooting position, another camera for quick shots and a third camera "as a kind of guerilla unit". This method made for very complicated shoots, for which Kurosawa choreographed the movement of all three cameras by using diagrams.[11]

The martial arts choreography for the film was led by Yoshio Sugino of the Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū. Initially Junzo Sasamori of the Ono-ha Itto-ryu was working along with Sugino, but he was asked by the Ministry of Education to teach in Europe during production.

Editing[edit]

Following the filming, Kurosawa quickly earned a reputation with his crew as the "world's greatest editor" because of his practice of editing late at night during the shooting. He described this as a practical necessity that is incomprehensible to most directors, who on major production spent at least several months with their editors assembling and cutting the film after shooting is completed.[14]:89

Soundtrack[edit]

Kurosawa had a heightened interest in the soundtracks of his films. For The Seven Samurai, he collaborated for the seventh and penultimate time with friend and composer Fumio Hayasaka who wrote one of his best soundtracks. Hayasaka was already seriously ill when Kurosawa visited him during the filming of the Seven Samurai and he died prematurely of tuberculosis on October 15, 1955, at the age of 41, while Kurosawa was filming I Live in Fear, Kurosawa's next film, which Hayasaka was unable to complete.[15]

Original track list
No.TitleLength
1."Opening" (タイトル・バック, 'Start')3:17
2."To the small water mill" (水車小屋へ, 'To the small water mill')1:00
3."In Search of Samurai 1" (侍探し 一, 'In Search of Samurai 1')0:49
4."Kanbei and Katsushiro - The Mambo of Kikuchiyo" (勘兵衛と勝四郎～菊千代のマンボ, 'Kanbei and Katsushiro - The Mambo of Kikuchiyo')3:43
5."Rikichi's Tears? White Rice" (利吉の涙?白い飯, Rikichi's Tears? White Rice)2:09
6."In Search of Samurai 2" (侍探し 二, 'In Search of Samurai 2')1:30
7."Gorobei" (五郎兵衛, 'Character's name')2:18
8."Let's go" (믿음의 벨트, 'Let's go')1:04
9."The Fish That Fell When Fishing It" (釣り落とした魚, 'The Fish That Fell When Fishing It')1:43
10."The Six Samurai" (六人の侍たち, 'The Six Samurai')2:51
11."A man out of the ordinary" (型破りの男, 'A man out of the ordinary')2:51
12."The Morning of Departure" (出立の朝, 'The Morning of Departure')1:02
13."Travel savel - Our Fortress" (旅風景～俺たちの城, 'Travel savel - Our Fortress')2:51
14."Coming from the field warriors" (野武士せり来たり, 'Coming from the field warriors')0:35
15."The Seven Men in Full" (七人揃いぬ, 'The Seven Men in Full')1:24
16."Katsushiro and Shino" (勝四郎と志乃, 'Katsushiro and Shino')2:43
17."Katsushiro, come back" (勝四郎、帰る)0:12
18."Change of bed" (寝床変え, 'Change of bed')0:57
19."In the forest of the god of water" (水神の森にて, 'In the forest of the god of water')1:34
20."Barley Field" (麦畑, 'Barley Field')0:20
21."The Wrath of Kanbei" (勘兵衛の怒り, 'The Wrath of Kanbei')2:15
22."Interlude" (間奏曲, 'Interlude')5:18
23."Harvest" (刈り入れ, 'Harvest')2:05
24."Rikichi's Troubles" (利吉の葛藤, 'Rikichi's Troubles')1:51
25."Heihachi and Rikichi" (平八と利吉, 'Heihachi and Rikichi')0:57
26."Rural Landscape" (農村風景, 'Rural Landscape')2:35
27."Mauviette, though samurai" (弱虫、侍のくせに, 'Mauviette, though samurai')1:49
28."The Omen of field warriors" (野武士の予兆, 'The Omen of field warriors')0:26
29."Towards the Night Attack" (夜討へ, 'Towards the Night Attack')0:55
30."Flag" (旗, 'Flag')0:29
31."Sudden Confrontation" (突然の再会, 'Sudden Confrontation')0:25
32."The Magnificent Samurai" (素晴らしい侍, 'The Magnificent Samurai')2:29
33."Field Warriors Are Seen" (野武士は見えず, 'Field Warriors Are Seen')1:00
34."Kikuchiyo takes courage again" (菊千代の奮起, 'Kikuchiyo takes courage again')0:49
35."Reward" (代償, 'Reward')1:07
36."See you" (逢瀬, 'See you')1:02
37."Manzo and Shino" (万造と志乃, 'Manzo and Shino')1:02
38."The Song of Rice Transplanting" (田植え唄, 'The Song of Rice Transplanting')1:22
39."Ending" (エンディング, 'Ending')0:43
Total length:52:14

Release[edit]

At 207 minutes, including a five-minute intermission with music, Seven Samurai would be the longest picture of Kurosawa's career. Toho Studios originally removed 50 minutes from the film for American distribution, for fear that audiences would be unwilling to sit through the entire picture.[16] Similar edits were distributed around the world until the 1990s; since then the complete version is usually seen.

Home video[edit]

Prior to the advent of DVD, various edited versions were distributed on video, but most DVDs and Blu-rays contain Kurosawa's complete original version, including its five-minute intermission. Since 2006, the Criterion Collection's US releases have featured their own exclusive 2K restoration, whereas most others, including all non-US Blu-rays, have an older HD transfer from Toho in Japan.[17][18]

4K restoration[edit]

In 2016, Toho carried out a six-month-long 4K restoration, along with Kurosawa's Ikiru (1952). As the whereabouts of Seven Samurai's original negative is unknown, second generation fine grain positive and third generation duplicate negative elements were used. As of 2020, this version has not been released anywhere on home video.[19][20]

Reception[edit]

Seven Samurai grossed ¥268 million in the first 12 months of its release.[1] Eventually, it became Japan's third highest-grossing film of 1954.[21] Overseas, the film's 2002 re-release grossed $271,841 in the United States and $4,124 in France.[22] As of 2017, Seven Samurai is the best-selling home video title ever released by the British Film Institute.[23]

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a perfect approval rating of 100% based on 60 reviews, with an average rating of 9.34/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Arguably Akira Kurosawa's masterpiece, The Seven Samurai is an epic adventure classic with an engrossing story, memorable characters, and stunning action sequences that make it one of the most influential films ever made".[24] It currently ranks 18th on their action/adventure voting list,[25] and seventh on their top 100 art house and international films.[26]

In 1982, it was voted number three in the Sight & Sound critics' poll of greatest films. In the Sight & Sound directors' poll, it was voted at number ten in 1992[27] and number nine in 2002.[28] It also ranked number seventeen on the 2012 Sight & Sound critics' poll,[29] in both cases being tied with Kurosawa's own Rashomon (1950). Seven Samurai has also been ranked number one on Empire magazine's list of "The 100 Best Films of World Cinema" in 2010.[30]

Kurosawa both directed and edited many of his films, including Seven Samurai. In 2012, the Motion Picture Editors Guild listed Seven Samurai as the 33rd best-edited film of all time based on a survey of its members.[31] In 2018, it was voted the greatest foreign-language film of all time in BBC's poll of 209 critics in 43 countries.[5]

Legacy[edit]

Seven Samurai was a technical and creative watershed that became Japan's highest-grossing movie and set a new standard for the industry. It is largely touted as what made the "assembling the team" trope popular in movies and other media.

Its influence can be most strongly felt in the Western The Magnificent Seven (1960), a film specifically adapted from Seven Samurai. Director John Sturges took Seven Samurai and adapted it to the Old West, with the samurai replaced by gunslingers. Many of The Magnificent Seven's scenes mirror those of Seven Samurai.[32]

However, in an interview with R. B. Gadi, Kurosawa expressed how "the American copy of The Magnificent Seven is a disappointment, although entertaining. It is not a version of Seven Samurai".[14]:42 Stephen Prince argues that considering samurai films and Westerns respond to different cultures and contexts, what Kurosawa found useful was not their content but rather he was inspired by their levels of syntactic movement, framing, form and grammar.[33]

The Invincible Six (1970), an American action film directed by Jean Negulesco, has been described as "a knockoff of the Seven Samurai/Magnificent Seven genre set in 1960s Iran."[34]

Battle Beyond the Stars (1980) is an American science fiction film directed by Jimmy T. Murakami and produced by Roger Corman. The film, intended as a "Magnificent Seven in outer space",[35][36] is based on the plots of The Magnificent Seven and Seven Samurai. The movie acknowledges its debt to Seven Samurai by calling the protagonist's homeworld Akir and its inhabitants the Akira.

The plot of Seven Samurai was re-worked for The Seven Magnificent Gladiators (1983), an Italian sword-and-sandal film.

The steampunk anime series Samurai 7 (2004) is based on Seven Samurai.

Some film critics have noted similarities between Pixar's A Bug's Life (1998) and Seven Samurai.[37][38]

Several elements from The Seven Samurai are also argued to have been adapted for Star Wars (1977).[39] The Clone Wars episode "Bounty Hunters" (2008) pays direct homage to Akira Kurosawa by adapting the film's plot, as does The Mandalorian episode Chapter 4: Sanctuary (2019).

Seven Swords (2005), a Hong Kong wuxia film produced and directed by Tsui Hark has a plot revolving around seven warriors helping villagers to defend against mercenaries, in homage to Seven Samurai.

There have been pachinko machines based on Seven Samurai in Japan. Seven Samurai pachinko machines have sold 94,000 units in Japan as of March 2018,[40] grossing approximately $470 million.[41]

Awards and nominations[edit]

Venice Film Festival (1954)
Mainichi Film Award (1955)
British Academy Film Awards (1956)
Academy Awards (1957)[42]
Jussi Awards (1959)

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c Sharp, Jasper (7 May 2015). "Still crazy-good after 60 years: Seven Samurai". British Film Institute. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  2. ^ "Kikuchiyo" has a genealogy which shows he was "born the 17th of the 2nd month of Tenshô 2 (1574), a wood-dog year". Kanbei's comment is "o-nushi 13 sai niwa mienu ga" (You don't look 13…). Since the traditional way of counting ages in Japan is by the number of calendar years one has lived in, this means the story takes place in 1586.
  3. ^ "Top 100 Movies Of All Time". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved June 26, 2019.
  4. ^ "Critics' top 100". bfi.org.uk. British Film Institute. Retrieved June 26, 2019.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b "The 100 greatest foreign-language films". BBC Culture. 2018-10-29. Retrieved 2018-11-01.
  6. ^ Desser, David (Nov 1998). "Reviewed Work: The Films of Akira Kurosawa by Donald Richie". The Journal of Asian Studies. 57 (4): 1173. doi:10.2307/2659350. JSTOR 2659350.
  7. ^ Toho Masterworks. Akira Kurosawa: It Is Wonderful to Create (DVD) (in Japanese).
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b c Galbraith IV, Stuart (16 May 2008). The Toho Studios Story: A History and Complete Filmography. Scarecrow Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0810860049. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  9. ^ Toshiro Mifune interview (Pamphlet). Criterion Collection. 25 August 1993.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b c Richie, Donald (1996). The Films of Akira Kurosawa (3 ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 107. ISBN 0520200268.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b c Nixon, Rob. "Behind the Camera of the Seven Samurai". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  12. ^ Lack, Jonathan R. "An Appreciation of Akira Kurosawa's Seven Samurai". Fade to Lack. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  13. ^ Roger Ebert (19 Aug 2001). "The Seven Samurai (1954)". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b Cardullo, Bert (2008). Akira Kurosawa: Interviews. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1578069972.
  15. ^ Larson, Randall. "The Vintage Score: Seven Samurai", analysis in Cinemascore: The Film Music Journal. Vol. 15, Winter 1986/Summer 1987. 1987 Fandom Unlimited, Sunnyvale, California. Pgs. 121
  16. ^ Kenneth, Turan. "The Hours and Times: Kurosawa and the Art of Epic Storytellling". The Criterion Collection. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  17. ^ "Seven Samurai DVD comparison". DVDCompare.
  18. ^ "Seven Samurai Blu-ray comparison". DVDCompare.
  19. ^ "4K Restoration Aiming at Highest Quality for Seven Samurai and Ikiru (Japanese)". AV Watch.
  20. ^ "Seven Samurai Restored with 4K High Image Quality". NHK News.
  21. ^ "The greatest Japanese box office hits of the 1950s". Nippon-Kino. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
  22. ^ "Seven Samurai (re-issue) (2002)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
  23. ^ "Top 10 bestselling BFI DVDs of 2015". British Film Institute. 8 August 2017.
  24. ^ "Seven Samurai (1956)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
  25. ^ "Top 100 Action & Adventure Movies". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  26. ^ "Top 100 Arthouse and International Films". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  27. ^ "Sight & Sound top 10 poll 1992". BFI. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  28. ^ "BFI Sight & Sound 2002 Top 10 Poll". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  29. ^ "The Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time". Sight & Sound. British Film Institute. 1 August 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  30. ^ "The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema - 1. Seven Samurai". Empire.
  31. ^ "The 75 Best Edited Films". Editors Guild Magazine. 1 (3). May 2012.
  32. ^ Anderson, Joseph L. (1962). "When the Twain Meet: Hollywood's remake of 'Seven Samurai'" (PDF). Film Quarterly. 15 (13): 55–58. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  33. ^ Prince, Stephen (1999). The warrior's camera : the cinema of Akira Kurosawa (Rev. and expanded ed.). Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0691010465.
  34. ^ Schell, Michael. "Film review: The Invincible Six". Schellsburg. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  35. ^ "Battle Beyond the stars". rottentomatoes.com. 25 December 1980. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  36. ^ Gray, Beverly (2004). Roger Corman: Blood-sucking Vampires, Flesh-eating Cockroaches, and Driller Killers. Thunder's Mouth Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-1-56025-555-0.
  37. ^ Armstrong, Olivia (November 19, 2014). "'Seven Samurai' and 'A Bug's Life' are the Same Movie".
  38. ^ Brew, Simon (December 7, 2010). "The origins of A Bug's Life".
  39. ^ "In Memory of Akira Kurosawa". ForceCast.net. April 7, 2010.
  40. ^ Fact Book: Supplementary Financial Document for the Year Ended March 31, 2018 (PDF). Fields Corporation. 11 May 2018. pp. 20–21.
  41. ^ Graser, Marc (2 August 2013). "'Dark Knight' Producer Plays Pachinko to Launch Next Franchise (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Each machine typically costs around $5,000 each.
  42. ^ "NY Times: Seven Samurai". NY Times. Retrieved 22 December 2008.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_Samurai&oldid=946308846"

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