Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
| Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer | |
|---|---|
 Cover of one of the books of the Robert L. May story by Maxton Publishers, Inc. | |
| First appearance | 1939 |
| Created by | Robert L. May |
| Voiced by | Billie Mae Richards (TV specials, 1964–2010) Kathleen Barr (Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys) |
| Information | |
| Nickname | Rudolph in Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie: Red, Rudy, Rudy the Red nosed Reject, Neon-nose. |
| Species | Reindeer |
| Gender | Male |
| Title | The Red Nosed Reindeer |
| Family | Donner and Mrs. Donner (parents in 1964 TV special) Blitzen (father in 1998 film) Mitzi (mother in 1998 film) Rusty (brother in Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen) Arrow (cousin in 1998 film) Comet, Cupid and Dasher (uncles in 1998 film) Leroy, the Redneck Reindeer (cousin from the Joe Diffie song of the same name, on the album, Mr. Christmas) Robbie (son in Robbie the Reindeer) |
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a 20th century reindeer created by Robert Lewis May. Rudolph is usually depicted as the ninth and youngest of Santa Claus's reindeer, using his luminous red nose to lead the reindeer team and guide Santa's sleigh on Christmas Eve. Though he initially receives ridicule for his nose as a fawn, the brightness of his nose is so powerful that it illuminates the team's path through harsh winter weather.
Rudolph first appeared in a 1939 booklet written by Robert L. May and published by Montgomery Ward, the department store.[1][2][3]
The story is owned by The Rudolph Company, LP and has been adapted and shaped in numerous forms including a popular song by Johnny Marks, the iconic 1964 stop-motion animated television special and its two sequels from Rankin/Bass Productions, as well as the 1998 traditional animated feature film and a 2001 CGI sequel from GoodTimes Entertainment.[4] Character Arts, LLC manages the licensing for the Rudolph Company, LP. In many countries, Rudolph has become a figure of Christmas folklore. 2014 marked the 75th anniversary of the character[5] and the 50th anniversary of the Rankin/Bass television special.[6] A series of postage stamps featuring Rudolph was issued by the United States Postal Service on November 6, 2014.[7]
Contents
Publication history[edit]
Robert L. May created Rudolph in 1939 as an assignment for Chicago-based Montgomery Ward. The retailer had been buying and giving away coloring books for Christmas every year and it was decided that creating their own book would save money. Robert May considered naming the reindeer "Rollo" or "Reginald" before deciding upon using the name "Rudolph".[8] May said his daughter liked reindeer, and he said he was treated like Rudolph as a child.[9] In its first year of publication, Montgomery Ward distributed 2.4 million copies of Rudolph's story.[10] The story is written as a poem in anapestic tetrameter, the same meter as "A Visit from St. Nicholas" (also known as "'Twas the Night Before Christmas").[citation needed] Publication and reprint rights for the book Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer are controlled by Pearson PLC.[citation needed]
While May was pondering how best to craft a Christmas story about a reindeer, while staring out his office window in downtown Chicago, a thick fog from Lake Michigan blocked his view—giving him a flash of inspiration. "Suddenly I had it!" he recalled. "A nose! A bright red nose that would shine through fog like a spotlight."[11]
The cultural significance of a red nose has changed since the story's publication. In 1930s popular culture, a bright red nose was closely associated with chronic alcoholism and drunkards, so the story idea was initially rejected. May asked his illustrator friend at Montgomery Ward, Denver Gillen, to draw "cute reindeer", using zoo deer as models. The alert, bouncy character Gillen developed convinced management to support the idea.[12]
Maxton Books published the first mass-market edition of Rudolph in 1947[citation needed] and a sequel, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Shines Again, in 1954.[citation needed] In 1992, Applewood Books published Rudolph's Second Christmas, an unpublished sequel that Robert May wrote in 1947.[citation needed] In 2003, Penguin Books issued a reprint version of the original Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer with new artwork by Lisa Papp.[citation needed] Penguin also reprinted May's sequels, Rudolph Shines Again and Rudolph's Second Christmas (now retitled Rudolph to the Rescue).[13]
Story[edit]
The story chronicles the experiences of Rudolph, a youthful reindeer buck (male) who possesses an unusual luminous red nose. Mocked and excluded by his peers because of this trait, Rudolph proves himself one Christmas Eve with poor visibility due to inclement weather after Santa Claus catches sight of Rudolph's nose and asks Rudolph to lead his sleigh for the evening. Rudolph agrees and is finally favored by his fellow reindeer for his heroism and accomplishment.
In media[edit]
Theatrical cartoon short (1948)[edit]
Rudolph made his first screen appearance in 1948, in a cartoon short produced by Max Fleischer for the Jam Handy Corporation that was more faithful to May's original story than Marks' song, which had not yet been written.[14] It was reissued in 1951 with the song added.[14]
Song (1949)[edit]
May's brother-in-law, Johnny Marks, adapted the story of Rudolph into a song. Gene Autry's recording of the song hit No. 1 on the Billboard pop singles chart the week of Christmas 1949. Autry's recording sold 2.5 million copies the first year, eventually selling a total of 25 million, and it remained the second best-selling record of all time until the 1980s.[15]
Comic books (beginning in 1950)[edit]
DC Comics, then known as National Periodical Publications, published a series of 13 annuals titled Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer from 1950 to 1962.[16][17] Rube Grossman drew most of the 1950s stories.[18]
In 1972, DC Comics published a 14th edition in an extra-large format. Subsequently, they published six more in that format: Limited Collectors' Edition C-24, C-33, C-42, C-50[19] and All-New Collectors' Edition C-53, C-60.[20]
Additionally, one digest format edition was published as The Best of DC #4 (March–April 1980).[21] The 1970s Rudolph stories were written and drawn by Sheldon Mayer.[22][23]
Children's book (1958)[edit]
In 1958, Little Golden Books published an illustrated storybook, adapted by Barbara Shook Hazen and illustrated by Richard Scarry. The book, similar in story to the Max Fleischer cartoon short, is no longer in print, but a revised Little Golden Books version of the storybook was reissued in 1972.[24]
Stop-motion animation television special (1964) and sequels (1976–79)[edit]
Perhaps the most well-known version of all the Rudolph adaptations is New York-based Rankin/Bass Productions' Christmas television special in 1964.[citation needed] Filmed in stop-motion "Animagic" at Tadahito Mochinaga's MOM Productions in Tokyo, Japan, with the screenplay written by Romeo Muller and all sound recordings (with supervision by Bernard Cowan) done at the RCA studios in Toronto, ontario, Canada, the show premiered on NBC. As the producers of the special, Arthur Rankin, Jr. and Jules Bass, only had the song as source material and did not have a copy of the original book, they interpolated an original story around the central narrative of the song, one that differed from the book. This re-telling chronicles Rudolph's social rejection among his peers and his decision to run away from home. Rudolph is accompanied by a similarly outcast elf named Hermey, who skipped elf practice to become a dentist, along with a loud, boisterous, eager prospector named Yukon Cornelius who was in search of wealth. Additional original characters include Rudolph's love interest, Clarice; the antagonistic "Abominable Snow Monster of the North"; and, as narrator, Sam the living Snowman, voiced by Burl Ives.
In the 1964 stop-motion movie, Rudolph is born to Donner the Reindeer and Donner's wife. He is discovered by Santa to have a shiny, glowing red nose. Donner, regardless of Rudolph's defect, trains him to be a normal reindeer with skills such as gathering food and hiding from the "Abominable Snow Monster", a giant, furry white beast. To hide Rudolph's nose, Donner puts dirt on it to cover it with a black coating. This causes Rudolph to talk in a funny accent, as told by the Rudolph's peers. A short time later, Rudolph joins his peers at the Reindeer Games, where he meets Fireball, who is initially friendly and has a shock of strawberry blond hair on his head, and Clarice, a female spectator who takes a liking to Rudolph. Clarice's flirtation inspires Rudolph to perform better than all of his peers at flying, but in his excitement he knocks the black cover off his nose, revealing a red glow that causes Fireball and the others to turn against him; this distraction, in turn, prompts the coach (Comet) to ban Rudolph from the Reindeer Games. Clarice remains loyal to him, only to be ordered by her father not to shame the family by associating with "a red-nosed reindeer."
Rudolph soon runs into Hermey, an elf who was forced out of his job at the North Pole's toy factory; Hermey showed a total lack of interest in the toymaking and singing aspects of being an elf and instead wanted to pursue dentistry. They come to the conclusion that they're both misfits and decide to run away together. on their aimless journey, they run into Yukon Cornelius, the self-described "greatest prospector of the North" who nevertheless seems to never find any silver or gold, and attempt to stay away from the Bumble, a huge abominable snow monster. Their journey leads them to the Island of Misfit Toys, where sentient but unorthodox toys go when they are abandoned by their owners. King Moonracer, the winged lion that lords over the Island, refuses to let them stay there permanently, instead telling the trio to return home and tell Santa Claus of the toys' plight, in exchange for one night's stay on the island. Rudolph refuses the offer and, fearing for his friends' life, runs off alone.
A now older Rudolph, still unable to find a place in the world, returns home to the North Pole, only to find that his family and Clarice had left to look for him and are now about to be eaten by the Bumble. With the help of Hermey and Yukon (who arrived separately), they lure the Bumble away and pacify him by knocking him unconscious and allowing Hermey (with dental skills he has acquired by reading books) to remove his sharp teeth. Everyone eventually returns to Santa's workshop, where a dismayed Santa Claus breaks the bad news that the weather is too bad to take the sleigh out and that Christmas would be canceled. Santa changes his mind when he notices Rudolph's red nose and asks Rudolph to lead the sleigh team, which he happily accepts.
After the story's initial broadcast, its closing credits were revised. Images of wrapped presents being dropped from Santa's sleigh were replaced by a scene in which Santa stops to pick up the Misfit Toys and delivers them to the homes of children below via umbrellas (with the exception of the misfit toy bird that swims but doesn't fly who is dropped to its destruction). The changes were prompted by viewer feedback pleading for a happy ending for each toy. The special now airs annually on CBS, rather than NBC, and is hailed as a classic by many. The special's original assortment of characters have acquired iconic status, and an uncertainty surrounding an error in the special's copyright has allowed the special to be widely parodied and imitated in the decades since its original airing.
The success of the special led to two sequels Rudolph's Shiny New Year (1976) which continued the reindeer's journeys, and the series was made into a trilogy with the feature-length film Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July (1979), which integrated the Rudolph universe into that of Rankin/Bass's adaptation of Frosty the Snowman (1969). Being one of the most popular Rankin/Bass characters, Rudolph also made his cameo appearances in two "Animagic" specials Santa Claus is Comin' to Town (1970) and Nestor, the Long–Eared Christmas Donkey (1977), and in the Easter television special The First Easter Rabbit (1976) with cel animation by Toru Hara's Topcraft.
Animated feature-length films[edit]
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie (1998) is an 2D-animated feature film presented by GoodTimes Entertainment and Golden Books Family Entertainment (now Western Publishing), and produced by Tundra Productions in Hollywood, California. It received only a limited theatrical release before debuting on home video. Its inclusion of a villain, a love interest, a sidekick, and a strong protector are more derivative of the Rankin/Bass adaptation of the story than the original tale and song (the characters of Stormella, Zoey, Arrow, Slyly, and Leonard parallel the Rankin/Bass characters of the Bumble, Clarice, Fireball, Hermey, and Yukon, respectively). The movie amplifies the early backstory of Rudolph's harassment by his schoolmates (primarily his cousin Arrow) during his formative years. It was produced and directed by William R. Kowalchuk, and written by Michael Aschner, with music and songs by Al Kasha and Michael Lloyd, and with most of the casting being assembled at BLT Productions in Vancouver, British Columbia. The film's recording facilities were Pinewood Sound in Vancouver, Schwartz Sound in New York, and Wally Burr Recording in Hollywood. Among the all-star cast of voices were American actors John Goodman, Whoopi Goldberg, Debbie Reynolds, Richard Simmons and Bob Newhart, British actor Eric Idle, and Canadian actress Kathleen Barr as Rudolph. Animation production services for the film were outsourced to Colorland Animation Productions in Hong Kong.
GoodTimes Entertainment, the producers of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie, brought back most of the same production team for a CGI animated sequel, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys (2001). Unlike the previous film, the sequel featured the original characters from the Rankin/Bass special (as GoodTimes soon learned that Rankin/Bass had made a copyright error that made the characters unique to their special free to use).
| Role | Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie (1998) | Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys (2001) |
|---|---|---|
| Director | William R. Kowalchuk | |
| Producer | ||
| Writer | Michael Aschner | |
| Composer | Al Kasha and Michael Lloyd | Bruce Roberts and Diana B |
| Editor | Tom Hok | Lennie Nelson |
| Production Companies | GoodTimes Entertainment Golden Books Family Entertainment Tundra Productions | |
| Distributor | Legacy Releasing | GoodTimes Entertainment |
| Running Time | 80 minutes | 74 minutes |
| Release Date | October 6, 1998 | October 30, 2001 |
Other[edit]
A live-action version of Rudolph (complete with glowing nose) along with Donner and Blitzen appears in the Doctor Who Christmas special, "Last Christmas" which was broadcast on BBC one on 25 December 2014.[25] In this special, Santa is able to park him like a car and turn off his nose.
Nathaniel Dominy, an anthropology professor at Dartmouth College (Robert L. May's alma mater), published a scholarly paper on Rudolph's red nose in the open access online journal Frontiers for Young Minds in 2015. In the paper, Dominy noted that reindeer eyes can perceive shorter wavelengths of light than humans, allowing them to see ultraviolet light; ultraviolet light, however, is much more easily scattered in fog, which would blind reindeer. Thus, Rudolph's red nose, emitting longer-wavelength red light, would penetrate the fog more easily. A summary of Dominy's findings was released in an Associated Press article on December 22.[26]
Cast and characters[edit]
| Characters | Stop-motion television specials | Feature-length films | Spin-off specials | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer | Rudolph's Shiny New Year | Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July | Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie | Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys | Robbie the Reindeer in Hooves of Fire | |
| 1964 | 1976 | 1979 | 1999 | 2001 | 1999 | |
| Rudolph | Billie Mae Richards | Kathleen Barr | Unseen but implied | |||
| Michael Lloyd (singing voice) Eric Pospisil (young) | ||||||
| Santa Claus | Stan Francis | Paul Frees | Mickey Rooney Bob McFadden (singing voice) | John Goodman | Garry Chalk | Ricky Tomlinson (UK) Jim Belushi (US) |
| Dasher | Silent role | Paul Dobson | ||||
| Dancer | Terry Klassen | |||||
| Prancer | Paul Whitehouse (UK) Brad Garrett (US) | |||||
| Vixen | Lee Tockar | Caroline Quentin (UK) Leah Remini (US) | ||||
| Comet | Paul Kligman | Scott McNeil | ||||
| Cupid | David Kaye | |||||
| Donner | Paul Kligman | Jane Horrocks (UK) Britney Spears (US) | ||||
| Blitzen | Garry Chalk | Steve Coogan (UK) Hugh Grant (US) | ||||
| Mrs. Claus | Peg Dixon | Debbie Reynolds | Jean Alexander (UK) Grey DeLisle (US) | |||
| Talking snowman | Burl Ives | Richard Dreyfuss | Alistair McGowan (UK) Dan Dierdorf (US) | |||
| Hermey | Paul Soles | Scott McNeil | ||||
| Clarice/Zooey | Janis Orenstein | Silent cameo | Myriam Sirois | Elizabeth Savenkoff Shawn Southwick (singing voice) | ||
| Yukon Cornelius | Larry D. Mann | Scott McNeil | ||||
| King Moonracer | Stan Francis | Colin Murdock | ||||
| Charlie-in-the-Box | Alfie Scopp | Lee Tockar | ||||
| Father Time | characters absent | Red Skelton | Picture cameo | |||
| Big Ben | Harold Peary | |||||
| Frosty the Snowman | Jackie Vernon | |||||
| Crystal | Shelley Winters | |||||
| Jack Frost | Paul Frees | |||||
| Winterbolt | ||||||
| Mr. Cuddles the Toy Taker | Rick Moranis Bruce Roberts (singing voice) | |||||
| Robbie | Ardal O'Hanlon (UK) Ben Stiller (US) | |||||
| Old Jingle | Harry Enfield (UK) Jerry Stiller (US) | |||||
Homages in media[edit]
 | This article appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. (November 2017) |
Film[edit]
- In the film remake of Dr. Seuss's How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000), The Grinch disguises his dog, Max, as Rudolph for his plan to disguise himself as Santa Claus and steal everything in each house in Whoville, to stop Christmas from coming. He also changes Rudolph's story saying, he hates Christmas and is gonna steal it. He then yells "Action!" through a megaphone. But Max takes off the fake red nose the Grinch had put on him.
- In the film Fred Claus (2007), Rudolph is mentioned and briefly seen, although his red nose is not glowing. During a fly-by shot of Fred (Vince Vaughn) piloting Nick's sleigh, Rudolph can be seen, and nine reindeer can be counted.
- In the same film, a billboard advertisement for Pepsi Cola, which features Rudolph, can be seen as Fred crashes through it.
Games[edit]
- Rudolph is mentioned in the video game Army of Two (2008) during a tutorial video about the use of the game's Aggro feature.
- In Guild Wars Nightfall (2006), player characters are accompanied by a reindeer named Rudy whose nose begins to glow red when coming into range of presents that the player is tasked to find in a holiday themed quest.
Also a video game by High Voltage Software
Music[edit]
- Rudolph is mentioned in the Beach Boys' song "Little Saint Nick" (1963) in the following lyric: "Now haulin' through the snow at a frightening speed with a half a dozen deer with Rudy to lead."[27]
- "Run Rudolph Run" (1958) is a Christmas song popularized by Chuck Berry and written by Johnny Marks and Marvin Brodie and published by St. Nicholas Music (ASCAP). The song was released as a single on Chess Records (label no. 1714) and has since been covered by numerous other artists, sometimes under the title "Run, Run, Rudolph". The song is a 12-bar blues and has a clear musical parallel to Chuck Berry's popular and recognizable song, "Johnny B. Goode" (1958);[citation needed] it is also melodically identical to Berry's "Little Queenie" (1959).[citation needed]
- In Ray Stevens' novelty song "Santa Claus Is Watching You" (1962), Rudolph is replaced on Santa's team by "Clyde the Camel", a character from Steven's earlier hit, "Ahab the Arab". In the original version, aimed at children in a similar fashion to "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town", Rudolph was said to be recuperating from an injury sustained during "a twist contest"; a later version, warning a lover away from infidelity because Santa is watching, has Rudolph on a "stakeout at (the lover's) house".
Television and webisodes[edit]
- In the Doctor Who promotional mini-webisode, "Songtaran Carols" (2012), the Sontaran warrior-nurse-detective, Strax, stated: "Rudolph the red-nosed reindeer, had a very shiny nose. It proved to be a tactical disadvantage, because it enabled me to punch him in the dark."
- Rudolph along with Donder and Blitzen appear in the Doctor Who Christmas special, Last Christmas.
- The anime and manga series One Piece has a main character called Tony Tony Chopper, a shapeshifter born on Christmas Eve, who was often discriminated against because of his blue nose. However his background and story is otherwise very different.
- MadTV featured Rudolph in a parody of the 1964 Rankin-Bass special called Raging Rudolph. Rudolph is beaten up for his red nose, and decides to get revenge on Santa Claus with Hermie the Elf by hiring Yukon Cornelius (a hitman in the special) to kill and decapitate Santa. Rudolph then takes over the North Pole. A sequel to the skit, The Reinfather, shows Rudolph exacting revenge for his hitman's death in a nod to The Godfather.
Relatives in different adaptations[edit]
Parents[edit]
- Robert L. May's original book does not name Rudolph's parents.
- The animated specials produced by both Rankin/Bass and GoodTimes Entertainment have given Rudolph different sets of parents:
- In Rankin/Bass' holiday special, his father is Donner and his mother is a tan doe who is called Mrs. Donner.
- In GoodTimes' retelling, Rudolph's father is Blitzen, and his mother is named Mitzi.
- In the 2006 special Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen, Rudolph's father is called Roger.
Offspring[edit]
Three BBC animations carry on the legend by introducing Rudolph's son, Robbie the Reindeer. However, Rudolph is never directly mentioned by name (references are replaced by the first and second films' villain Blitzen interrupting with the phrase, "Don't say that name!", or something similar, presumably for copyright reasons.)
Siblings[edit]
Rudolph is also given a younger brother, Rusty Reindeer, in the American special, Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen (2006). Like in the "Robbie the Reindeer" cartoons, Rudolph's name is not said in the film nor does he make a physical appearance. However, he does appear on a poster and one scene in the film shows a cardboard cutout and toys of Rudolph. Unlike previous versions of the character, this Rudolph has a black nose, which is only red when lit up.
Michael Fry and T. Lewis have given Rudolph another brother in a series of Over the Hedge comic strips: an overweight, emotionally damaged reindeer named Ralph, the Infra-Red nosed Reindeer, who is referred to as Rudolph's older brother. Ralph's red nose is good for defrosting Santa's sleigh and warming up toast and waffles; he enviously complains about his brother Rudolph's publicity and his own anonymity.
Aunts, uncles, and cousins[edit]
- Rudolph has a cousin, Leroy, in Joe Diffie's 1995 song, "Leroy the Redneck Reindeer" (1995), which tells the story of Leroy's joining the sleigh team to substitute for Rudolph, who was ill.
- In GoodTimes' retelling, three of Santa's reindeer (Dasher, Comet, and Cupid) are his uncles, and Cupid's son Arrow is Rudolph's cousin and rival.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Mikkelson, Barbara; Mikkelson, David P. (December 19, 2010). "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer". Urban Legends Reference Pages. Snopes.com. Archived from the original on July 8, 2009. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
- ^ Ramer, Holly; Talbot, Toby (photo) (December 23, 2011). "Scrapbook tells how Rudolph went down in history". Hanover, NH. Associated Press. Retrieved December 23, 2011.
- ^ Kim, Wook (December 17, 2012). "Yule Laugh, Yule Cry: 10 Things You Didn't Know About Beloved Holiday Songs". Time. Archived from the original on December 21, 2014.
- ^ Whipp, Deborah. "The History of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer". Altogether Christmas.
- ^ Parrella, Andrew (December 18, 2014). "From The Archives: Rudolph Turns 75". New Hampshire Public Radio. Archived from the original on December 24, 2014.
- ^ "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer celebrates 50th anniversary". CBS News. December 9, 2014. Archived from the original on December 10, 2014.
- ^ "Rudolph all red-nosed over stamp of approval". United States Postal Service. November 6, 2014. Archived from the original on December 24, 2014.
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, the nation’s longest-running and highest-rated Christmas television special 'went down in history' to receive its stamp of approval today. The set of four Limited Edition Forever stamps depicting Rudolph, Hermey, Santa and Bumble were created from still television frames from the special which premiered 50 years ago in 1964.
- ^ Historical Society]]|network=Wisconsin Public Television|airdate=December 12, 2010|minutes= 0:28}}
- ^ Lippert, Barbara (December 18, 2017). "Like a Light Bulb!". Advertising Age. p. 32.
- ^ Moreau, Jennifer (December 24, 2010). "Rudolph's Burnaby roots". Burnaby Now. p. A11.
- ^ Powell, J. Mark. "The Jewish man who created a Christmas classic". Washington Examiner. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ Chow, Wanda (December 2010). "How Rudolph the reindeer came to be". Burnaby Now. p. A3.
- ^ "Rudolph's Second Christmas by May, Robert Lewis: Applewood Books, Old Saybrook 9781557091925 Hardcover, First Edition, First Printing. - primeeditions". Abebooks.com. January 22, 2003. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Library of Congress Unveils Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Restoration". Animation World Network. December 18, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
- ^ Jackson, Kenneth T. Jackson; Markoe, Karen; Markoe, Arnie (1998). The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives. Simon and Schuster. p. 28.
- ^ Irvine, Alex (2010). "1950s". In Dolan, Hannah (ed.). DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9.
DC began an annual tradition of producing a Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Christmas special. Following the success of the famous song (released in 1949), DC licensed the character and put Rudolph at the center of a series of lighthearted adventures...The Christmas Special would continue until 1962, and then return from 1972–1977.
- ^ Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer at the Grand Comics Database and Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Annual at the Grand Comics Database
- ^ Markstein, Don. "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on September 12, 2012. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
- ^ Limited Collectors' Edition #C-20, #C-24, #C-33, #C-42, and #C-50 at the Grand Comics Database
- ^ All-New Collectors' Edition #C-53 and #C-60 at the Grand Comics Database
- ^ "The Best of DC #4 (March–April 1980)". Grand Comics Database.
- ^ Markstein, Don (2006). "Sheldon Mayer". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on December 3, 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
[Mayer] also worked on several tabloid-formatted comic books for DC in the mid-1970s, including the company's first use of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer since the early 60s.
- ^ Arnold, Mark (December 2012). "You Know Dasher and Dancer: Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer". Back Issue!. TwoMorrows Publishing (61): 7–10.
- ^ Hazen, Barbara Shook; May, Robert L. (1972). Rudolph The Red-nosed Reindeer - A Golden Book. Richard Scarry (9th ed.). Golden Press.
- ^ "Doctor Who". BBC. December 12, 2014. Archived from the original on December 21, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2014.
In the North Pole the Doctor and Clara are joined by a familiar figure… and his reindeer!
- ^ Ramer, Holly (December 22, 2015). "Rudolph's shiny red nose may be tied to eyes that glow blue". Associated Press. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
- ^ ""Little Saint Nick" Lyrics". Lyricsfreak.com. n.d. Archived from the original on December 10, 2014.
External links[edit]
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. |
- Manuscript of the Montgomery Ward book
- Official Licensor for Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
- Official CBS website for Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
- Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer (1948)
- Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer (1948) Full Film (public domain footage)
- Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer on IMDb
- Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer (Jam Handy) at The Big Cartoon DataBase
- Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer (Rankin/Bass) at The Big Cartoon DataBase
