Kalmia latifolia
| Kalmia latifolia | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Kalmia latifolia flowers | |
| Conservation status | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Ericaceae |
| Genus: | Kalmia |
| Species: | K. latifolia |
| Binomial name | |
| Kalmia latifolia L. | |
 | |
Kalmia latifolia, commonly called mountain-laurel,[1] calico-bush,[1] or spoonwood,[1] is a species of flowering plant in the heather family, Ericaceae, that is native to the eastern United States. Its range stretches from southern Maine south to northern Florida, and west to Indiana and Louisiana. Mountain-laurel is the state flower of Connecticut and Pennsylvania. It is the namesake of the city of Laurel, Mississippi (founded 1882).
Contents
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Growth[edit]
It is an evergreen shrub growing to 3–9 m tall. The leaves are 3–12 cm long and 1–4 cm wide. Its flowers are round, ranging from light pink to white, and occur in clusters. There are several named cultivars today that have darker shades of pink, near red and maroon pigment. It blooms in May and June. All parts of the plant are poisonous. Roots are fibrous and matted.[2]
The plant is naturally found on rocky slopes and mountainous forest areas. It thrives in acidic soil, preferring a soil pH in the 4.5 to 5.5 range. The plant often grows in large thickets, covering great areas of forest floor. In the Appalachians, it can become tree-sized but is a shrub farther north.[2] The species is a frequent component of oak-heath forests.[3][4]In low, wet areas, it grows densely, but in dry uplands has a more sparse form.
Reproduction[edit]
Kalmia latifolia is notable for its unusual method of dispensing its pollen. As the flower grows, the filaments of its stamens are bent and brought into tension. When an insect lands on the flower, the tension is released, catapulting the pollen forcefully onto the insect.[5] Experiments have shown the flower capable of flinging its pollen up to 15 cm.[6] Physicist Lyman J. Briggs became fascinated with this phenomenon in the 1950s after his retirement from the National Bureau of Standards and conducted a series of experiments in order to explain it.[7]
Etymology[edit]
It is also known as Ivybush or spoonwood (because native Americans used to make their spoons out of it).
The plant was first recorded in America in 1624, but it was named after Pehr Kalm, who sent samples to Linnaeus in the 18th century.
Cultivation[edit]
The plant was originally brought to Europe as an ornamental plant during the 18th century. It is still widely grown for its attractive flowers. Numerous cultivars have been selected with varying flower color. Many of the cultivars have originated from the Connecticut Experiment Station in Hamden and from the plant breeding of Dr. Richard Jaynes. Jaynes has numerous named varieties that he has created and is considered the world's authority on Kalmia latifolia.[8][9]
The cultivar 'Pink Charm'[10] has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Wood[edit]
The wood of the mountain laurel is heavy and strong but brittle, with a close, straight grain.[11] It has never been a viable commercial crop as it does not grow large enough,[12] yet it is suitable for wreaths, furniture, bowls and other household items.[11] It was used in the early 19th century in wooden-works clocks.[13] Burls were used for pipe bowls in place of imported briar burls.[12] It can be used for handrails or guard rails.
Toxicity[edit]
Mountain laurel is poisonous to several different animals due to grayanotoxin[14] and arbutin,[15] including horses,[16] goats, cattle, deer,[17] monkeys and humans.[18] The green parts of the plant, flowers, twigs, and pollen are all toxic,[18] including food products made from them, such as toxic honey that may produce neurotoxic and gastrointestinal symptoms in humans eating more than a modest amount.[14] Fortunately the honey is sufficiently bitter to discourage most people from eating it, whereas it does not harm bees sufficiently to prevent its use as winter bee fodder. Symptoms of toxicity begin to appear about 6 hours following ingestion.[18] Symptoms include irregular or difficulty breathing, anorexia, repeated swallowing, profuse salivation, watering of the eyes and nose, cardiac distress, incoordination, depression, vomiting, frequent defecation, weakness, convulsions,[15] paralysis,[15] coma, and eventually death. Autopsy will show gastrointestinal irritation and hemorrhage.[18]
Use by Native Americans[edit]
The Cherokee use the plant as an analgesic, placing an infusion of leaves put on scratches made over location of the pain.[19] They also rub the bristly edges of ten to twelve leaves" over the skin for rheumatism, crush the leaves to rub brier scratches, use an infusion as a wash "to get rid of pests", use a compound as a liniment,rub leaf ooze rubbed into scratched skin of ball players to prevent cramps, and use a leaf salve for healing. The also use the wood for carving.[20]
The Hudson Bay Cree use a decoction of the leaves for diarrhea, but consider the plant to be poisonous.[21]
The Mahuna consider the plant to be poisonous, but regard it as forage for deer and use it as body deodorizer.[22]
Gallery[edit]
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K. latifolia leaves and early buds
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Flower buds
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Beginning to bloom
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Full bloom
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Blooming and wilted flowers on the same flower head
