Chicory
| Common Chicory | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Illustration from Thomé's Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz, 1885 | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Tribe: | Cichorieae |
| Genus: | Cichorium |
| Species: | C. intybus |
| Binomial name | |
| Cichorium intybus L. | |
Common chicory, Cichorium intybus,[1] is a somewhat woody, perennial herbaceous plant usually with bright blue flowers, rarely white or pink. Various varieties are cultivated for salad leaves, chicons (blanched buds), or for roots (var. sativum), which are baked, ground, and used as a coffee substitute and additive. It is also grown as a forage crop for livestock.[2] It lives as a wild plant on roadsides in its native Europe, and in North America and Australia, where it has become naturalized.
"Chicory" is also the common name in the United States for curly endive (Cichorium endivia); these two closely related species are often confused.[3]
Contents[show] |
Names[edit]
Common chicory is also known as blue daisy, blue dandelion, blue sailors, blue weed, bunk, coffeeweed, cornflower, hendibeh, horseweed, ragged sailors, succory, wild bachelor's buttons, and wild endive.[4] (Note: "Cornflower", is more commonly applied to Centaurea cyanus.) Common names for varieties of var. foliosum include endive, radicchio, Belgian endive, French endive, red endive, sugarloaf and witloof (or witlof).
Description[edit]
When flowering, chicory has a tough, grooved, and more or less hairy stem, from 30 to 100 centimetres (10 to 40 in) tall.
The leaves are stalked, lanceolate and unlobed.
The flower heads are 2 to 4 centimetres (0.79 to 1.6 in) wide, and usually bright blue, rarely white or pink. There are two rows of involucral bracts; the inner are longer and erect, the outer are shorter and spreading. It flowers from July until October.
The achenes have no pappus (feathery hairs), but do have toothed scales on top.[5]
Leaf chicory[edit]
Wild[edit]
Wild chicory leaves are usually bitter. Their bitterness is appreciated in certain cuisines, such as in the Liguria and Puglia regions of Italy and also in Catalonia (Spain), in Greece and in Turkey.[6] In Ligurian cuisine the wild chicory leaves are an ingredient of preboggion and in Greek cuisine of horta; in the Puglian region wild chicory leaves are combined with fava bean puree in the traditional local dish Fave e Cicorie Selvatiche.[7]
By cooking and discarding the water the bitterness is reduced, after which the chicory leaves may be sautéed with garlic, anchovies and other ingredients. In this form the resulting greens might be combined with pasta[8] or accompany meat dishes.[9]
Cultivated[edit]
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Chicory may be cultivated for its leaves, usually eaten raw as salad leaves. Cultivated chicory is generally divided into three types, of which there are many varieties:[10]
- Radicchio usually has variegated red or red and green leaves. Some only refer to the white-veined red leaved type as radicchio. Also known as red endive and red chicory. It has a bitter and spicy taste, which mellows when it is grilled or roasted. It can also be used to add color and zest to salads.
- Sugarloaf looks rather like cos lettuce, with tightly packed leaves.
- Belgian endive, known in Dutch as witloof or witlof, endive or (very rarely) witloof in the United States[citation needed], indivia in Italy, chicory in the UK, as witlof in Australia, endive in France, and chicon in parts of northern France and in Wallonia. It has a small head of cream-coloured, bitter leaves. It is grown completely underground or indoors in the absence of sunlight in order to prevent the leaves from turning green and opening up (etiolation). The plant has to be kept just below the soil surface as it grows, only showing the very tip of the leaves. It is often sold wrapped in blue paper to protect it from light and so preserve its pale colour and delicate flavour. The smooth, creamy white leaves may be served stuffed, baked, boiled, cut and cooked in a milk sauce, or simply cut raw. The tender leaves are slightly bitter; the whiter the leaf, the less bitter the taste. The harder inner part of the stem at the bottom of the head should be cut out before cooking to prevent bitterness. Belgium exports chicon/witloof to over 40 different countries. The technique for growing blanched endives was accidentally discovered in the 1850s in Schaerbeek, Belgium.[11] Today France is the largest producer of endive.[12]
Although leaf chicory is often called "endive", true endive (Cichorium endivia) is a different species in the genus.
Root chicory[edit]
Root chicory (Cichorium intybus var. sativum) has been cultivated in Europe as a coffee substitute. The roots are baked, ground, and used as a coffee substitute and additive, especially in the Mediterranean region (where the plant is native), although its use as a coffee additive is also very popular in India (see Indian filter coffee), parts of Southeast Asia, South Africa and southern United States, particularly in New Orleans. It has also been popular as a coffee substitute in poorer economic areas, and has gained wider popularity during economic crises such as the Great Depression in the 1930s and during World War II in Continental Europe. Chicory, with sugar beet and rye was used as an ingredient of the East German Mischkaffee (mixed coffee), introduced during the "East German coffee crisis" of 1976-79.
Some beer brewers use roasted chicory to add flavor to stouts. Others have added it to strong blond Belgian-style ales, to augment the hops, making a "witlofbier", from the Dutch name for the plant.
Around 1970 it was found that the root contains up to 20% inulin, a polysaccharide similar to starch. Inulin is mainly found in the plant family Asteraceae as a storage carbohydrate (for example Jerusalem artichoke, dahlia, yacon etc.). It is used as a sweetener in the food industry with a sweetening power 1⁄10 that of sucrose[13] and is sometimes added to yogurts as a prebiotic. Inulin can be converted to fructose and glucose through hydrolysis. Inulin is also gaining popularity as a source of soluble dietary fiber and functional food.[14]
Chicory root extract is a dietary supplement or food additive produced by mixing dried, ground chicory root with water, and removing the insoluble fraction by filtration and centrifugation. Other methods may be used to remove pigments and sugars. It is used as a source of soluble fiber. Fresh chicory root typically contains, by dry weight, 68% inulin, 14% sucrose, 5% cellulose, 6% protein, 4% ash, and 3% other compounds. Dried chicory root extract contains, by weight, approximately 98% inulin and 2% other compounds.[15] Fresh chicory root may contain between 13 and 23% inulin, by total weight.[16]
Agents responsible for bitterness[edit]
The bitter substances are primarily the two sesquiterpene lactones Lactucin and Lactucopicrin. Other ingredients are Aesculetin, Aesculin, Cichoriin, Umbelliferone, Scopoletin and 6.7-Dihydrocoumarin and further sesquiterpene lactones and their glycosides.[17]
Medicinal use[edit]
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 96 kJ (23 kcal) |
| Carbohydrates | 4.7 g |
| - Sugars | 0.7 g |
| - Dietary fiber | 4 g |
| Fat | 0.3 g |
| Protein | 1.7 g |
| Vitamin A equiv. | 286 μg (36%) |
| - beta-carotene | 3430 μg (32%) |
| - lutein and zeaxanthin | 10300 μg |
| Thiamine (vit. B1) | 0.06 mg (5%) |
| Riboflavin (vit. B2) | 0.1 mg (8%) |
| Niacin (vit. B3) | 0.5 mg (3%) |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) | 1.159 mg (23%) |
| Vitamin B6 | 0.105 mg (8%) |
| Folate (vit. B9) | 110 μg (28%) |
| Vitamin C | 24 mg (29%) |
| Vitamin E | 2.26 mg (15%) |
| Vitamin K | 297.6 μg (283%) |
| Calcium | 100 mg (10%) |
| Iron | 0.9 mg (7%) |
| Magnesium | 30 mg (8%) |
| Manganese | 0.429 mg (20%) |
| Phosphorus | 47 mg (7%) |
| Potassium | 420 mg (9%) |
| Sodium | 45 mg (3%) |
| Zinc | 0.42 mg (4%) |
| Link to USDA Database entry Percentages are roughly approximated from US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database | |
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 71 kJ (17 kcal) |
| Carbohydrates | 4 g |
| - Dietary fiber | 3.1 g |
| Fat | 0.1 g |
| Protein | 0.9 g |
| Thiamine (vit. B1) | 0.062 mg (5%) |
| Riboflavin (vit. B2) | 0.027 mg (2%) |
| Niacin (vit. B3) | 0.16 mg (1%) |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) | 0.145 mg (3%) |
| Vitamin B6 | 0.042 mg (3%) |
| Folate (vit. B9) | 37 μg (9%) |
| Vitamin C | 2.8 mg (3%) |
| Calcium | 19 mg (2%) |
| Iron | 0.24 mg (2%) |
| Magnesium | 10 mg (3%) |
| Manganese | 0.1 mg (5%) |
| Phosphorus | 26 mg (4%) |
| Potassium | 211 mg (4%) |
| Sodium | 2 mg (0%) |
| Zinc | 0.16 mg (2%) |
| Link to USDA Database entry Percentages are roughly approximated from US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database | |
Root chicory contains volatile oils similar to those found in plants in the related genus Tanacetum which includes Tansy, and is similarly effective at eliminating intestinal worms. All parts of the plant contain these volatile oils, with the majority of the toxic components concentrated in the plant's root.[18]
Chicory is well known for its toxicity to internal parasites. Studies indicate that ingestion of chicory by farm animals results in reduction of worm burdens,[19][20][21] which has prompted its widespread use as a forage supplement. only a few major companies are active in research, development, and production of chicory varieties and selections, most in New Zealand.
Chicory (especially the flower), used as a folk medicine in Germany, is recorded in many books as an ancient German treatment for everyday ailments. It is variously used as a tonic and as a treatment for gallstones, gastro-enteritis, sinus problems and cuts and bruises. (Howard M. 1987). Chicory contains inulin,[22][23] which may help humans with weight loss, constipation, improving bowel function, and general health.[24] In rats, it may increase calcium absorption and bone mineral density.[22]
Chicory has demonstrated antihepatotoxic potential in animal studies.[25][26][27][28]
Forage[edit]
Chicory is highly digestible for ruminants and has a low fiber concentration.[29] Chicory roots are an "excellent substitute for oats" for horses due to their protein and fat content.[30] Chicory contains a low quantity of reduced tannins[29] that may increase protein utilization efficiency in ruminants.[31] Some tannins reduce intestinal parasites.[32][33][34][35] Large quantities of tannins bind with and precipitate proteins, resulting in low digestibility and nutrient reduction.[32]
Although chicory might have originated in France, Italy, and India,[36] much development of chicory for use with livestock has taken place in New Zealand.[37]
Forage chicory varieties[edit]
- Puna (Grasslands Puna) – one of the most popular forage varieties, developed in New Zealand. It is well adapted to different climates, being grown from Alberta, Canada, to New Mexico and Florida. It is resistant to bolting, which leads to high nutrient levels in the leaves in spring. It also has high resistance to grazing.
- Forage Feast – A variety from France used for human consumption and also for wildlife plots.[clarification needed] It is very cold-hardy and, being lower in tannins than other forage varieties, is suitable for human consumption.
- Choice – Choice has been bred for high winter and early-spring growth activity, and lower amounts of lactucin and lactone, which are believed to taint milk. It is also use for seeding deer wildlife plots.
- Oasis – Bred for increased lactone rates for the forage industry, and for higher resistance to fungal diseases like Sclerotinia.[clarification needed]
- Puna II – More winter-active than most other varieties, which leads to greater persistence and longevity.
- Grouse – A New Zealand variety used as a planting companion for forage brassicas. More prone to early flowering than other varieties, with higher crowns more susceptible to overbrowsing.
- Six Point – A United States variety, very similar to Puna.
History[edit]
The chicory plant is one of the earliest cited in recorded literature. Horace mentions it in reference to his own diet, which he describes as very simple: "Me pascunt olivae, me cichorea, me malvae" ("As for me, olives, endives, and mallows provide sustenance").[38] In 1766, Frederick the Great banned the importatation of coffee into Prussia leading to the development of a coffee-substitute by Brunswick innkeeper Christian Gottlieb Förster (died 1801), who gained a concession in 1769/70 to manufacture it in Brunswick and Berlin. By 1795 there were 22 to 24 factories of this type in Brunswick.[39][40] Lord Monboddo describes the plant in 1779[41] as the "chicoree", which the French cultivate it as a pot herb. In Napoleonic Era France chicory frequently appeared as either an adulterant in coffee, or a coffee substitute.[42] Chicory was also adopted as a coffee substitute by Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War, and has become common in the United States. It was also used in the United Kingdom during the Second World War, where Camp Coffee, a coffee and chicory essence, has been on sale since 1885.
The cultivated chicory plant has a history reaching back to ancient Egyptian time. Medieval monks raised the plants and when coffee was introduced to Europe, the Dutch thought that chicory made a lively addition to the bean drink.
In the United States chicory root has long been used as a substitute for coffee in prisons.[43] By the 1840s, the port of New Orleans was the second largest importer of coffee (after New York).[42] Louisianans began to add chicory root to their coffee when Union naval blockades during the American Civil War cut off the port of New Orleans, thereby creating a long-standing tradition.[42]
A common meal in Rome, puntarelle, is made with chicory sprouts.[44] The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reports that Chicory is a native plant of western Asia, North Africa, and Europe.[1]
Chicory is also mentioned in certain sericulture (silk-growing) texts. It is said that the primary caretaker of the silkworms, the "silkworm mother", should not eat or even touch it.[citation needed]
The chicory flower is often seen as inspiration for the Romantic concept of the Blue Flower (e. g. in German language 'Blauwarte' ≈ 'blue lookout by the wayside'). It was also believed to be able to open locked doors, according to European folklore.[45]